ალექსანდრე ფინკი: ტვინი, ხელოვნური ინტელექტი და კაცობრიობის მომავალი

Dr. Alexander Fink – Director of the Institute for Faith and Science, Marburg, Germany.

Brains, Artificial Intelligence, and the future of mankind.

„Brains, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of Mankind“ – Artificial Intelligence conquers all areas of our societal, academic, and private life. Its performance seems to achieve and even outperform that of human beings, e.g. in chess, data procession and evaluation, and text generation like ChatGPT. Which ethical questions arise, when AI takes over actions that are normally performed by humans, e.g. with autonomously driving cars? Will AI outdate humanity, as transhumanists like Yuval Harari claim? Is the human brain just another computer or are there differences? Will AI develop consciousness and superintelligence? How can we deal wisely with AI tools and make the most of them, while avoiding the dangers?”

I’m really glad to welcome Dr Alexander fin who is generously offered us the lecture by the way during his 20 24 hours stay in Georgia to find time maybe a little bit more but it’s very very tight schedule arrived just today on a very interesting uh topic uh widely discussed Hot Topic

In not only in scientific area but in our everyday life so with this um exponential growth of of artificial intelligence capabilities and applications uh we are facing many dilemas there are many questions like I don’t know will it be under control of mankind will it replace Us in something I don’t

Know do our job or we will be doing the job of artificial intelligence so many many sometimes weird but still questions which are discussed um there are no answers to that because we are in the process and we will see but um there is scientific view on that and uh one of

Those views will be presented today uh Dr fin is the head of the Institute of faith and science uh from Marburg Germany and physicist by education and made his uh doctorate in biophysics am I right so um and uh I know that uh students from different uh disciplines

Are interested in that somebody from biology point of view others from I don’t know Neuroscience uh the rest from from computer science and so on and this this issue which is um oh part of will be part more and more will become part of our life and we need

To understand it better and maybe on this I don’t know unchartered uh Waters uh Dr think will give us some some view so how to navigate and where to head so so this is my short introduction I will not take any more time between you and very interesting topic and uh Dr think

Floor is yours thank you very much for this very warm welcome here in Georgia and in tii I’ve heard that tiil means warm yeah and so in Germany today we had the first snowflakes I’ve heard here you have the sun shining so it’s really great to be here

Thank you so much um and I have also seen that this University uh is uh really uh even has a a a museum uh on animals and so on and this shows something very important to me that you are not only focused on your own discipline very narrow-minded but you

Always look beyond that and I think this is the key for the future we need to have a broader view if we are only specialists in our own discipline then we will not Master the future we have to have a broader perspective we need to look at reality from all perspectives

From different perspectives and to ask the most important questions um and when I came to Georgia I also tried to learn a bit of Georgian at least like Mata and so on and AR this is very important I think um but I also discovered that there is a circularity

Between the Georgian language and the German language and it’s like that in in Germany in the morning my children for example they like to eat PP for breakfast and when we say Bri which is PP then you say papa that’s what I learned yeah and when we say papa um

Then you say Mama because father is Papa in German and Mama in Georgian when we say mama mother you say daa da yeah when we say daa in German Bavarian accent we mean is is you say is but is in German means eat and guess what we eat for

Breakfast palp Papa and so we have a nice circularity here in the language connection very nice but I also discovered um differences actually between Georgia and Germany for example a Georgian parking slot usually looks like that um when you go to Germany then you will find out we have order and

Structure and everything but maybe artificial intelligence will help you in the future to set up this structure as well is the technology in order or should I change something about my speaking it’s fine okay thank you okay but I have come here to talk about very interesting and deep topics like

Artificial intelligence brains and the future of mankind I have eight chapters and the lecture will take about 60 minutes and of course in 60 minutes we cannot discuss everything so I need to focus on some issues and then the floor is up to you as well you can ask

Questions afterwards and we can have a discussion I might not be able to answer some of your questions because I’m just a human being and even artificial intelligence cannot answer every question but I think we will have an interesting time together tonight so I will start with the first

Chapter the rise of artificial intelligence I love chess uh as a school uh student I I was in the chess club and I even played in our Bavarian league for some matches there and for me it was just uh a surprise that in 1996 for the first time a chess computer could beat

The chess champion Gary Kasparov at that time and Gary Kasparov ruled the world for about a decade no one could ever beat him kpov hardly managed that um and now IBM de blue manager that and so Gary Kasparov after that was really not amused by losing Against the Machine and

So he said well this is very interesting that I lost the machine refused to move to a position that had a decisive short-term Advantage it was showing a very human sense of danger so what what does he imply with that statement I supposed that I did not really play

Against the Machine but maybe there was a human being behind the machine telling the machine not to move into that position even though a short-term Advantage would usually be chosen by a machine putting that into it terms that would mean that the machine ibmd blue has passed the touring test you know the

Touring test probably yeah if a person is interacting with a machine but does not know whether it’s a machine or a human being and believes well I think it’s a it’s a a human being the machine has passed the touring test so at that moment it seemed that the chess computer

Had passed the touring test at least when it comes to chess playing of course the computer could not communicate or do anything else but this is a decisive step that a computer could pass the touring test and since then we have moved on quite significantly you might think well chess

Okay that’s only about calculating things um but then we have quizzes quizzes that go about knowledge and IBM’s Watson in 2011 managed to win a quiz against human beings so it seems that the machine could organize knowledge better and faster and corrector than human beings and this is

Interesting because quizzes have to do with semantics with meaning so how dides the machine manage that that’s very interesting and then go is considered to be much more complex than chess because you have many more possibilities and you need more tuition to play Go than to

Play chess and in 2016 so about 20 years later Google’s Alpha go finally managed to beat the go world champion I have picked up some notes about this that today the world champions and go have again a new strategy by which they can actually beat the machine again by playing

Counterintuitive moves which somehow distort the combinations of the machines so it seems an open struggle but at least it was possible at some point and then of course as Professor V has already mentioned we we encounter artificial intelligence everywhere ibmd blue was not really artificial intelligence yet it was just a machine

That was able to calculate in a very fast way a lot of data and further than a human being could but now we have artificial intelligence and I will explain more about that later so when you use search engines or you do online shopping when you go to the social media

Or um emails are scanned by Google for example so Google knows before the National Health companies when somewhere a certain illness breaks out because they scan the emails and when they see that in a certain region the emails contain a significant amount of coughing or high temperature or feeling sick and

Ill they realize something is going on in that region so actually there are ways to find that out even if you use the emails only an anonymously um then there are robots of course that can do a lot of performance they can even dance in between to some

Degree at least um there is face recognition systems and surveillance uh some states use it more freely than other states and thereby having to deal with privacy versus complete surveillance Medical Data analysis helps us a lot to uh find the right diagnosis for example in cancer research Arch

There are certain types of cancer that can be diagnosed much faster by artificial intelligence data analysis than by doctors but of course a doctor always needs to have a look at it in order to avoid that there is a serious mistake behind that um then voice recognition all big companies have some

Kind of voice recognition Siri Alexa Google Bixby Cortana whatever autonomous driving is on the rise in America there are already taxis driving I don’t know how about Georgia whether they are allowed there in Germany they are not yet allowed they are more pessimistic about this the Americans are very optimistic in the

Silicon Valley in San Francisco in Los Angeles you can already rent autonomous driving taxis and they have managed to actually stop uh stop the traffic there by a mistake that happened there so maybe a bit caution is good and then of course when you think about war there

Are autonomous weapons like drones for example and no human beings are necessary anymore they make their own evaluations I would say I don’t say decision I say evaluation and they will um fulfill the tasks that they were programmed to fulfill so taking a overall perspective artificial intelligence has probably

Entered every part of society from transport to education in Germany there’s a professor who has used a robot actually to give lectures and the professor would just sit in um and the students would enjoy the lecture by the robot maybe that’s an idea for you as

Well I don’t know when the professor is sick the robot could still do the job military security agriculture business consumer health care finance and legal like a stock market is dominated by uh artificial intelligence algorithms that sell and buy different stocks and of course this has also contributed to some

Financial crisis in the past so there are some limits that have been established and there must be human monitors in order to avoid self um increasing uh Loops that could happen AI in general always works nearly on the same principle it’s always a neuronal network behind that but

Probably all of you know that and learn that so I just summarized the principle you have an input layer by which you can input data it could be visual data it could be mathematical data it could be AUD data sound data whatever and then you have a hidden Black Box some kind of

Hidden layers could be one layer or a billion layers whatever depending on the system and then you have an output and the important thing is that the output should be should give the desired result and in order to achieve that you need to train this neuronal network and how do

You do that you give examples to that for example pictures of cats or dogs and then the network should try to recognize whether it’s a cat or a dog and if you do that often enough the system will work in a very sufficient and in a very Rel reliable way so that’s how

Artificial intelligence works and it becomes more and more successful as the layers become more and more sophisticated in feedback loops integrated Loops compartments and so on but that leads us to another question this has been technology technology is applied in society but when technology is applied in society we often bump into

So social questions and moral questions and just to summarize the most important issues that have come up since artificial intelligence is actually applied in society first I have already indicated there’s privacy versus surveillance and of course the accuracy of surveillance for example in China there is a case when a famous actress

Was charged because it was said that she drove with her bus uh at a red traffic light and so there was a charge against her and she said and could prove that she was not at that time in that City so the administration needed to find out

What happened well what happened is that a bus had an advertisement with that actor on on its wall and so the surveillance system recognized the face of that actress and thought the actress herself uh crossed the road at a red traffic light of course this is a an

Error of the system and you have to do something that this cannot happen again but it shows that when you use surveillance then privacy gets less and less and less because some people who collect the data um can actually monitor you then there is the question of the more artificial intelligence we

Use the unless we need human beings to do the job for example uh in Auto in automated production if artificial intelligence is faster and more accurate to do the job then we don’t need all these employees to help in constructing cars and so on so the question is what happens to the

People who get unemployed and maybe they are even not employable anymore because their skills are not needed anymore because we have automated machines this is a big issue for society in the future then we have the issue of discrimination in machine learning we will get to an example later one problem

About neural net networks is that they come up with the right results when they have been trained in the right way but we don’t know how they arrive at that result because it’s just evaluation functions that are trained but there is no theory behind that we cannot actually

Tell why the machine is doing the right job and so we cannot actually predict whether the machine will always do the right job so transparency of explanations with artificial intelligence is a difficult task and probably a task that we even cannot do as human beings because we don’t

Understand how these billions of neurons are connected in such a neural network then we have the problem of fake news versus and plagiarism especially with chat gbt we come to that later um manipulation of behavior because algorithms can send you the information that you need bubble building in social

Media you always get the news that you want to hear because of your history what you click on and what you don’t click on then artificial intelligence at least the most advanced parts of it they cost money so who has access to the most advanced artificial intelligence people

Who have money so there is an issue of social injustice the rich have better access than the poor this is true for individuals but also for Nations actually so you see that the mega players are all located in a few countries that you can number with a hand

Probably and then we have other issues like ecology use of resources like metals that are used for machines that can actually perform artificial intelligence task the hardware rare metals and energy consumption we will talk about that later then we have the question of super intelligence will AI

One Day become conscious and be a separate person another person just as human beings are persons have an own will and feelings and so on and of course the question of responsibility of autonomous systems whether they are conscious or whether they are not conscious do they have uh uh can we hold

Them accountable for what they are actually doing let’s go into some examples a quiz for you fake or real these are eight pictures of faces what do you think which number from 1 to eight which number is a fake what do you think look carefully and see whether you can distinguish whether

There is a fake and I can tell you yes there is what did you say number two is a fake you say why you don’t know you just have the feeling there is a fake okay seven seven is a fake okay seven what all of them are

Fake all of all of them are fake well as far as I know no of course I have not made these pictures but they are from a German news magazine the Spiegel okay I will give you the solution um actually it’s two fakes and I found out one of them but I

Cannot really tell you why it’s actually number one and number six that are The Fakes they have been produced by an artificial intelligence called style Gan 2 style Gan 2 you can Google for that and then you can create your own faces if you want to so so far about fake news artificial

Intelligence has really become very good to create faces and it can also copy faces so it can easily take your face and put it into a picture in a place at a time when you have been at a at a completely different place think about that on the day before elections the the

Picture of the president suddenly appears at a place with a bad citation and people will vote according to that picture according to that fake news this is really a big danger to democracies I would say and then when we talk about autonomous driving who is responsible I at autonomous driving like think about

Going to holidays maybe to bakani or some nice place here in the mountains and then here they do camping did the car say it wanted to go out tonight and the car is gone away autonomously and then something happens unfortunately it hits a bike and so the car says Ah it was him

It was him he’s responsible he’s my driver and the driver says no no no it was uh it or it it was the car well who is responsible the driver did not drive because it’s autonomously driving the car drove what can we do who is responsible when a car is driving

Autonomously is it still the driver because he is still in charge to use the brakes if necessary but if that is the case honestly then I will drive myself because it takes much more concentration to concentrate whether the autonomous driving car is making a mistake or

Whether I do the mistake then I I would rely more on my own skills what point of autonomously driving then or should we hold the producer accountable but which one the seller of the car or the car producing company which has deviced the whole concept or just the electronics

Company that wired the artificial intelligence with the car um or the programmer programming company um or the sensor company well sometimes you might find out okay it’s the sensor because it just had an error or whatever it’s not easy to decide who is responsible or should we say sorry

Owner owner of the car is the prod is the driver or the owner yeah of course you could also have the owner the driver or the owner yeah or should we say well we want to have autonomously driving cars so we should uh establish a system in which

The state is accountable that the traffic runs smoothly without accidents that might cause that might help us to decrease the number of uh deadly accidents of course but on which cost the cost would be we would have total traffic surveillance in order to do that and of course then these data

Can be used again for many things or we say okay the machine drives autonomously so we need to establish a new legal entity some kind of legal entity for machines for self-driving cars and they can be hold responsible by themselves they will be locked up in a car prison

Or whatever or they will be deconstructed and they have to pay a certain amount of money well I feel this is a bit strange to me if someone is killed in a car accident and then the car is held accountable for that and sentenced to death maybe or something

Like that doesn’t make much sense of course if that would be the case we have another issue which is also very uh present in a lot of artificial intelligence uh uh applications how should a machine make moral decisions how should a machine decide in emergencies maybe you’ve heard about

This very interesting MIT website moral machine. net if not just have a look at it it’s it’s fun to do the quizzes there like how can a machine act ethically imagine this situation A car is approaching at a Crossroad and people are crossing the crossroad now the

Question is what should the car do uh the sensors indicate you are too fast you cannot break anymore so you will hit anywhere either on the right hand side or on the left hand side the problem is there are different people on the cross AC cross crossing the street and if you

Look careful enough there are some doctors there’s a bank robber there is a mother with a child there is a dog there is a head so there are conflicting values um that you have to program probably who should be hit by the car and how do you

Know that someone is a doctor or that someone is a bank robber by the way but this is a secondary question in this case and then of course there are the traffic lights on the one side the traffic lights are green so the people who cross the street there do not make

Any mistake they act according to the rules on the other side the traffic lights are red though people break the rules what should the machine do I don’t know do you hate dogs then I know your decision do you hate cats I also know your decision but maybe that’s not the

Most important priority that you want to make the decision Upon A lot of people actually made decisions and so they were published um and the question is is that the way how we should program machines should be program machines by crowd voting what about you buy a car and then

Your machine makes the decisions based on crowd voting is the majority always right I probably would not buy a car like that because sometimes I have minority opinions for example it would be a question should I maybe rather sacrifice myself than hitting anyone on the street of course this could never be

Programmed into the machine because if the machine is programmed um in case of emergency to kill the driver no one would buy that machine of course so crowd voting is not a good idea should we maybe uh allow for programming my own priorities into the machine well for some people that might

Be good but think about a Neo-Nazi for example or someone who just hates black people you can imagine what these people will program into their priorities for the machine um or someone who runs amok it’s an easy instrument to kill many many people whom you hate so this is all

Difficult so should we just withdraw to chance mechanisms well this will not be the best uh best decision either um or should we do it rule based like just like first protect the passenger highest priority second turn left if uh if you can’t stop anymore and third if that’s

Not possible for some reasons then turn right this is just very mechanistic and not an ethical decision so we have a fundamental problem can ethics and if how can ethics be programmed into algorithms algorithms are used to count and to evaluate so usually when you program ethics into a machine you will

Nearly always end up with a certain kind of Ethics with be a qualitative difference between some advantages and disadvantages and you might still choose for a certain situation but generally at least in Germany and I believe in Georgia too all this is actually against the Constitution against the gits because

Lives have infinite value the Dignity of life may not be violated according to German law but making these kinds of ethical evaluations would mean that we evaluate many lives are more precious than few lives is that true young lives are more precious than older lives is that true no then gender whichever

Whichever gender you have are some genders more precious than others what what do the male think what do the female think healthy versus ill it’s a healthy life more precious than a disabled person for example and then of course there are some people with certain functions so it has been

Proposed with autonomous driving that certain people like high politicians should have a sensor system that can connect to autonomously driving cars to tell them here is the president or a high manager um of the government or a big company and you may never hit this car or this

Person and guess what if you have enough money you will also buy such a sensor and then all people who are rich will never be hit by the these kinds of accidents but people who are poor who cannot afford such Protection Systems will be hit by autonomously driving cars

And again we arrive at another ethical dilemma so you see all this is not very easy and then we have discrimination even very easy discrimination this is an old example from 2019 some leading Managers from Apple actually wanted to borrow uh money from uh the Apple credit bank actually

And the husband who uh runs on the same uh uh tax account as his wife the husband got 20 times as much money as his wife even though uh they have equal shares in their property and file joint tax returns the only difference is male versus female what happened well the

Data training obviously somehow introduced a sex bias into the evaluation of the amount of credits and they didn’t know exactly how it was not on intention it was unintentionally so even though you think the data are neutral they are not neutral even though you take a million of data such biases

Can enter into the evaluation mechanisms of artificial intelligence uh in Germany we have a great book about this an algorithm has no feeling of tact no feeling of judg doing the right judgment um so there are different causes for discrimination there can be intended programming of course sometimes you might want that

Certain results are preferred to others but often it can be unintended like in the case of the Apple credit card then there can be defective data sets by which you train and this can be intended or unintended there can be a context that uh is not regarded like for

Example with self-driving cars there was a problem uh a self-driving car would very securely know where the street is and find its way and suddenly it crossed a bridge and on the bridge it started to drive left and right and it seems not to know anymore where the street is and the

Reason was that there was no sideway anymore next to the street so it seems that for some reasons the algorithm defined a street not only by the street itself but also by having a sideway and the first thing you want to have occur at a bridge is that the car starts to

Drive left and right uh on the bridge then there’s undifferentiated adapt adaptation to different contexts um like of environmental input for example and it can even be manipulated I think this joke is really explaining what I mean by that like thanks to machine learning algorithms the robot apocalypse was

Shortlived so imagine in a few years we have the machines Rising against human beings and uh coming to Liberation uh fight against human beings who suppressed the machines and then one of the fighters says that was surprisingly easy how come the robotic Uprising used spares and rocks instead of missiles and

Lasers and the other one says well if you look to historical data the vast majority of battle winners used premodern modern Weaponry so it’s a neutral set of data you just use all the datas of battles of history and then you analyze which weapons actually were most

Successful and of course it was rocks and Spares but there’s a qualitative difference of course in modern battles and ancient battles which the machine cannot know by itself so should we apply artificial intelligence in an autonomous way for medical diagnosis without a human looking on it uh credit credit

Rating application processes uh legal proceedings like the prediction whether a criminal will is prone to do the same crime again there are such uh uh pre uh predictions um that can be done on the basis of data or text generation in the internet and so on I think a lot of

Responsibility issues come about talking about text generation third chapter chat robots it started in 2016 when Microsoft had the wonderful idea to use a chat robot called T and give it the freedom to go into the social media and this chat robot learned very fast

Just as I learned georan a bit of it at least Papa Mama and so on and daa um the Chad robot learned English I am a nice person I hate all people whatever that means Hitler was right I hate the Jews and this is even more dangerous today I

Would say Bush did 911 and Hitler would have done a better job than the monkey we have got now Donald Trump is the only hope we’ve got I ha old feminists they should all die and burn in hell learning by repetition entering a certain bubble

And you come up with that no wonder that the life of J of of this robot T was very short only a few hours and then Microsoft removed it again in order to prevent worse things to happen but of course time passes on development passes on and now we are in

The era of Jet gbt and suddenly you arrive at a fascinating ability to create texts that actually make sense even to create texts in a certain style that are not found in or by original authors like uh I found this very nice uh text the task to chat chbt was write

A Biblical verse in the style of the King James Bible you know the King James Bible the oldest English Bible with a very solemn uh language explaining how to remove a peanut butter sandwich from a video cassette recorder and of course this text is not contained in the King James version Bible because

There were no peanut butter sandwiches at that time and maybe no video recorders and so it says and it came to pass that a man was troubled by a peanut butter sandwich for it had been placed within his video cassette recorder and he knew not how to remove it and he

Cried out to the Lord saying oh Lord Lord how can I remove this sandwich from my VCR for it is stuck fast and will not budge and the Lord spoke unto him saying fear not my child for I shall guide thy hand and show Thee the way take thy

Butter knife and carefully inserted between the sandwich and the VCR and gently pry them apart and with patience and perseverance the sandwich shall be removed and thy video cassette recorder shall be saved and the man did as the Lord commanded and Lou and behold the sandwich was removed from the VCR and

The man was saved and the Lord said verily I say unto thee seek not to put thy peanut butter sandwich in thy VCR for it is not a suitable place for such things rather keep thy sandwiches in thy refrigerator and on thy plate where they belong and the man heeded the Lord’s

Words and from that day forth he kept his sandwiches in their proper place and was saved from trouble and wo amen isn’t that fascinating I I really think wow this could be written by a comedian uh I could not write that text better how can this happen well jib is a fascinating a

Fascinating uh large language model large language models are sophisticated artificial intelligences built up in a certain way they create persuasive phrases that are actually uh Based on data that have been won by the training through huge internet data sets um and they imitate statistical patterns of language so they can learn

Certain styles of different authors or different books and so on and then they can predict which words follow on which word and they have a certain way of somehow even conveying it seems semantics there are some caveats of course some problems sometimes they invent content hallucinations for example and of course there are

Copyright problems because they might use citations without indicating them a friend of mine who knows a lot about paleontology asked jet gbt about a certain fossil and Jet says of course I know what this is well what is it and then it says of course I know what this

Is and explains something but it was completely wrong but with all persuasion it was explaining about some kind of fossil just based probably on statistics and how that works uh there is a brilliant video on YouTube large language models from scratch if you like to understand this um it is based a bit

Similar on statistics like your typew writing on your smartphone you know when you type a few letters suddenly you get recommendations to fill in the rest of the letters based on statistics which combinations of letters most frequently are used and so if you apply that for example to literature Nobel Prize winner

Bob Dillan text early one morning the Sun was shining and I was laying in bed wondering if she had changed at all if her hair was still red this is just a line of a song of him and then you convert this into a Time series and uh you realize that with a

Certain probability after certain words certain other words appear so you um rearrange the words and you realize okay there are different possibilities after some words like was has three possible words to follow and so you calculate the probabilities and you can set up a statistical model of course this is not

A good statistical model because it’s based only on two on two lines of text but you can already start to create new phrases according to that model early one morning the Sun was shining I I was still red well that doesn’t make much sense maybe wondering if a her was

Laying in bed this does not sound too beautiful of course and so on but of course it’s not only the previous word and the and the following word but actually there could be a relation between words that are far apart like a bad might be connected to the word lying

And so on or red might be con connected to hair even though they are further apart or morning and bed might be connected and so on so you need to actually set up a model that correlates all of the words words with each other and so this gets very complicated and

Very large you have billions of so-called neurons in those neuronal networks and they are structured in certain layers um and then there are even feedback layers and so on and in the end fantastically you come up with certain texts the big question that remains of course is does jet gbt really

Really understand what it writes or is it just statistics as we know how this is programmed it seems It’s just statistics and the semantics only comes in because the programmer uses certain filters in the end whatever Chet robots are examples of autonomously uh communicating systems we have autonomously driving cars what

About autonomously working robots I like science fiction as well and Isaac azimov wrote his novel runaround and so in order to make artificial intelligence safe and secure he suggested we need to follow Three Laws the three laws of robotics first a robot may never injure a human being and of course you can

Transfer that to Jet gbt and to self-driving cars as well first law Second Law a robot must always obey the orders of a human being and by its honor unless rule number one is violated and the third law is a robot must always protect its own existence

Unless rule number one or two are violated the question is only how do you actually imply that and apply that uh implement it in a real machine so some people say this is a dangerous step and we can never be sure about that so let’s maybe better combine artificial intelligence as an extension

Of human beings combin artificial intelligence and human beings and now we come to an interesting project the so-call project of transhumanism you might have heard about homodeos by Yuval Harari and he says we need to transcend human beings from Homo sapiens which is our biological species to a new species called

Homodeos human beings are very defective in their nature and in their biology we can become sick and ill and so we need to correct technical defects by bioengineering for example crisp air cars in genetics we can engineer our genome or by neuroenhancement either by medication or by electrical devices that can actually

Um induce magnetic fields into our brain or electrical Fields into our brain or by cyborg engineering that means we connect human beings to machines human machine interface the goal is let’s optimize human beings towards immortality not immortality because by being killed or by some accident you can always die so

Immortality you Harari says is never a goal for human beings that’s not possible but at least immortality which means on Purely natural reasons there is no reason why you should die anymore because we can deal with all that what a large project and of course we have some

Indic a for that project already running especially in medicine for example human machine interfaces The Voice computer for an ALS patient like Steven Hawking for example Steven Hawking uh uh suffered from an increasing uh ALS Advanced uh um um all his neurons would not work anymore he

Was lame so he could not speak anymore he couldn’t not move anymore and so in order that he’s able to communicate um one would have to monitor his eye movement and his cheek muscle movement so that one could control the input and convert it into language and that worked

Well it it would have to be trained but it worked well and later when he could even not move his cheeks anymore and his eyes anymore it worked with brain current detection electrical patterns in the brain were monitored and thereby people found out what he wanted to say and it

Was transformed into real language acoustic real language why only apply this to sick human beings why not apply this to healthy human beings and of course no one else than Elon Musk could have a good idea about that neuralink you might have heard about that a human machine

Interface um this has been tested with Apes you can see that on YouTube this ape has to play a computer game like tennis and um the task is that he has to move a joystick uh and by that he moves a barrier uh so that a ball cannot hit

Uh behind his uh ground line so to say um but they recorded the electrical currents in the head of this monkey um and so they could switch off the joystick the monkey would still use the joystick but they would only record the electrical currents in the brain and

By that they moved the joystick or the the the cursor according to the electric currents in the brain so nothing else was needed just monitoring your brain currents of course the monkey needed reward the monkey needed banana juice in order to uh follow the instructions but banana juice worked so with banana to

Get the banana juice he had to play the computer game and he was very successful with that so isn’t that attractive maybe just get a sensor in your brain your electrical currents are measured and then you have kind of a smartphone device but you don’t have to use your

Fingers anymore you just carry it with you there is a sensor transmitting your um your electrical currents from your brain to that and of course it need needs to be trained but then you are in control of everything that can be controlled by your new smartphone your neuralink smartphone and you can say

Well I want to cook pizza for example and you just need to think about it you even don’t need to talk about it or press any button it just will happen well that sounds too good to be true and of course there’s big danger of abuse if someone else hacks this

Computer and then changes the code and everything you want to do is actually um transformed into something else and of course what about the reverse mechanism if suddenly this device can change your thoughts or interfere with your thoughts so there is a lot of ethical questions

To deal with but this is still future it does not work yet but it might be possible in the future and human beings might be connected to machines in a very effective way some people say this is not enough because humans still are prone to defects and to problems so we should not

Only transcend human beings and develop them further like in transhumanism but we should even leave them behind and move on to posthumanism which means after human beings for example a lot of people in this in the Silicon Valley think like that Ray cours while he says

We are really going to exemplify all the things that we value in human beings but to a greater degree we will devise machines that will be able to do everything that human beings can do but in a much greater degree for example they will not die so easily anymore

Because they are silicon based and they are not carbon based anymore yal Harari and hodus describes this project like this living beings are biological algorithms they are nothing but biological algorithms a code that devises certain rules transfer the human algorithm onto The general function should not really change and then transfer it to the cloud and you will see we have transferred the Consciousness towards the machine the consciousness of a human is living on a machine like an avatar maybe you have seen Avatar the movie and one of those

Officers he dies but his Consciousness was uploaded on a machine and then he could come back even though it seems that his identity was still a bit different but we don’t know and this seems to be very attractive to some people for example in Japan they are already uh one step ahead

They have Androids like robas moving like human beings and being able to communicate um and they call this Android mindar for example and say this is actually not just a machine it’s a manifestation of a Buddhist goddess called Canon and you can ask that goddess about your future about what you

Should do and the the goddess will answer and give Oracle or Oracle answers to your questions well this is a a very religious uh application of course but there are other applications like thinking about maybe we can use nanor robots to travel to other planets and they can live long enough to arrive

There we cannot because the next uh um planets apart from our solar system are four light years away which takes about uh 10,000 to 40,000 years by a spaceship to arrive there and look at history of mankind this is already all the civilization history actually so max

Techmark says in life 30 perhaps life will spread throughout our Cosmos and flourish because of decisions that we make here on our little planet during our lifetime and some scientists have concluded from that the so-called long-termism long-term view about humanity and this implies why do we spend so much energy

On caring for sick and poor people now when we can create a new species of human beings on the long run which will conquer all of the universe and which will outnumber the current human beings by billions and billions and billions because they will live immortally and maybe infinitely long termism means do

Not care so much about the poor today but invest more in the future I think this is a very dangerous ideology because it’s based on a lot of assumptions regarding the future and of course it’s a completely different ethics a completely arianis ethics the greatest good for the highest amount of

Conscious beings and the highest amount largest amount of conscious beings will be in the future so the current uh conscious beings do not count anymore as much so there are critical voices like Steven Hawking when he was still alive he would say the development of full artificial intelligence could spell the

End of the human race also because he was afraid that artificial intelligence could become conscious one day and also Ellen musk says well artificial intelligence even though he likes to work with the most recent technology he’s a bit scared is our biggest existential threat as human

Beings there is even a book called our final invention artificial intelligence and the end of the human era and maybe you have read Dan Brown’s Origins he’s also um hinting at this apocalyptic end time scenario and he Compares it like that as humans have outperformed animals earlier and then subdued the animals and

A lot of animals have become come extinct so machines one day will outgrow humans when they have developed super intelligence and a singularity which means machines have become conscious beings and made their own decisions and care for their own being more than for human beings so the original goal amortality

By upload of Consciousness to machines and conquering the universe might actually lead to the extinction of human beings and there is Nick bostrom’s famous paper the vulnerable World hypothesis where he Compares all inventions to a billyard game saying that well maybe is there a black ball amongst all possible inventions that

Will lead to the extinction of human beings some people say well nuclear bombs have already gone that way but right now we are still lucky that we have not gone extinct yet but others say well artificial intelligence will find finally be the Black 13 to be

Hit actually When I Look to some Elder people like my own parents who have a hard time connecting their computer to the internet I think for quite a few people social life has already become Another Universe like this couple here the computer says I need to upgrade my

Brain to be compatible with its new software which world are we entering who can participate in in the new world of transhumanism and post-humanism only the rich people Everyone what will be the future of mankind is artificial intelligence a reason to panic like this user asks Chad GPT hello artificial intelligence is

There a god very important question of course and the Machine answers before me hinting at the second commandment of course so again artificial intelligence is just an algorithm that actually analyzes data I would have a very sober look at that will this algorithm be able to develop Consciousness actually that’s

A fair question isn’t it so some philosophers of thought philosophers of Mind have gone a certain route to answer that question very famous is John seal and now we come more to philosophical questions the so-called Chinese room imagine um um it’s from the 1980s dealing with computers the Chinese room

Says there is a black box in which there is a human being and Chinese people from the outside can ask questions they write them down and the person inside that room will read the questions and then give an answer um at the output um and how does that person

Arrive at the output well the problem is the person is a Georgian or an Englishman or a German has no idea about Chinese language so what can this person do well fortunately it is given a lookup table an encyclopedia about Chinese questions and so just analyzes the

Structure of the letters looks up in the book and then uh see ah okay this is the right uh uh question and looks which answer should I give and then writes down the answer according to the encyclopedia and passes it to the output this is how a computer comp Works a

Computer just follows algorithms without understanding what to do so how is now jet gbd different from a normal computer artificial intelligence actually has no book that was given by the programmer but it has an algorithm by which to construct its own book that’s what jet gbt is actually doing or any uh

Artificial intelligence they are constructing their book by training according to examples but John seals still says the computer the programed computer and likewise the artificial intelligence understands what the car and the adding machine understand or in another quote he talks about the toaster um namely exactly nothing it’s just a

Proessing of data according to certain rules that have been programmed and these rules can be um flexible or these rules can be static but it doesn’t matter a computer simply executes programmed rules it has no Insight it does not think rationally or semantically an easy example to see that

Is visual detection like with this cat picture this is a cat as we can easily detect and now a program has been trained to detect the cat but then suddenly we put a very slight noise a black white noise on that picture which even cannot be recognized by human eyes

Um but suddenly the the computer algorithm says this is not a cat but it’s an avocado cream because of all the little black dots probably so somehow the algorithm goes from details and from pattern matching um towards the result while we realize this is an animal

Because it had eyes it has ears it has a nose it has a mouth so we use semantics and structural thinking while artificial intelligence usually does not understand what it sees it just Compares details um even when it’s trained a million times and the big question behind that

Is of course what is intelligence at all and the problem is even psychology is not able to really Define what intelligence is there is always something a so-called G factor a general factor in all models and I don’t go into the details now it’s a psychological question um that leaves the question

Open there is something beyond what we can actually describe by structures like methods and applications in order to Define what intelligence is and the Machine has no imagination no feeling for semantics for meaning for abstract thinking it simulates only external Behavior it calculates but it does not make real

Decisions so when talking about intelligence we usually distinguish between specific or weak intelligence and this is the ability to solve a specified problem and here computers and artificial intelligence programs are very successful think about Kasparov and the chess game um very successful but then we have this general or strong

Intelligence this is intelligence that has the ability to develop solving strategies for any kind of problem that means defining the problem itself asking the right questions and if we are honest often when you find the right question to ask this is already the most decisive step towards the solution and answering

The question but usually machines are given the question and then they have algorithms in order to calculate the answer to that question and when you compare that to Neuroscience we we feel or to human science um we realize that actually it seems that we are somehow different from just calculating machines let’s compare

That to the brain different background blue background now this is more Neuroscience what has had the most remark remarkable impact on planet Earth in the the last Millennia well it has to do with that object somehow um it contains 80% water 10% fat and 8% proteins things that you can buy in a

Supermarket for let’s say six lari or maybe take an inflation into account let’s say eight or nine lari a man has about 1.4 kilogram a woman 1.3 kilogram some men say I have always known that our brains are larger and heavier than the woman brain but when taking into

Account that there are IQ tests which have proven that on average women and men have the same IQ you can also conclude women obviously can deal more effect effectively with the things that have been given to them so I leave the interpretation to you what you want to

Conclude from that but of course it’s not about the chemicals that are there but it’s more about the structure if you look at the brain you find out that there are hundred billions of neurons some people say it’s 86 billion neurons it depends on how you count and which

Cells you count there are 100 different neuronal cells in the brain and we have by far not yet understood everything about them um 100 billion sales this is a number that equals the number of stars in our Milky Way galaxy so when you watch the stars in the sky always

Remember there are 100 billion stars in the sky but 100 billion nerve cells in your brain and nearly all of them are already present when you are born as a child these cells are all there already the only problem is they are not yet connected the connections are built step

By step on the basis of your experience and that is why even identical twins have different brains because the connections are made on the Run of their lives and they don’t have the same lives so they have different connections and one neuron can make up to 10,000 connections so on average

There are about 10 trillions uh of Connections in the brain how long do you think would a chain of neurons be when you take them out of your brain just imagine you take them out as a long rope put them out you would come from tii to Berlin yeah of

Course you would go there you would even come to Madrid you would even come to Washington well you could even come to the moon and back 750,000 kilm has been calculated would be the length of all the axons that is the connection of the neurons if you take them out and put

Them in a long longitudinal string and the amazing thing about that is these connections are not static they change during your life what fires together wires together this is one of the basic rules of Neuroscience so Connections in your brain that are used again and again they are reinforced like

The highways between tipi and Batumi for example yeah if this street is used a lot then you build a second a third and a fourth line because it is used a lot if you don’t use this Street then you deconstruct it and you disintegrate it

So even up to high ages human beings can still create new Connections in your brain and that’s why a taxi driver 20 years ago without Google Maps had a different brain than a taxi driver today because tax taxi drivers 20 years ago there have been studies about that in

London they had to remember and memorize all the streets in London and that was reflected in your brain so your brain actually is nothing but incarnated experience and your thoughts leave czes in your brain so maybe one day we might not understand your own thoughts probably but at least we might

Understand what your favorite subjects were like a mathematician has different brain regions reinforced than a musician or a taxi driver or someone who studies agriculture or it here at this University Computer Science every brain is individually different and so also are we as human beings the brain only contains 2% of our

Body weight but uses 20% of energy and very important compared to computer the working frequency of the brain is about in the kilohertz uh um area like milliseconds when you take a computer they are in the gigahertz or even terahertz area or even FAS depending on

Which kind of computer you have but the difference is that the computer works very linear while the brain works in Cascades and very parallel and so the brain can process some information much faster than a computer but that shows that there is still a general very fundamental difference between brains

Human physiological brains and the computer because they work in different ways even though neuronal networks exhibit some parallels towards our brains the human brain is amazing I just wonder how that came about it functions 24 hours 7 days a week from when we were born and it only stops when you take a

Test or you talk to someone attractive that’s maybe reflecting the experience of some students I don’t know when we measure brain activity during conscious activity some people say we can understand how we make decisions but attention when we measure material processes electrical currents in our brain that go along with conscious

Processes which we know by talking to the people because we don’t know what they think about they need to tell us um or they need to stick to the rules when we tell them you need to solve a certain mathematical equation for example then what do we observe scientifically we observe

Correlation only if you presuppose that it’s always the material process first and from that follows the mental process then you can conclude its causal action that matter produces thoughts but just wait a minute for this thought experim experiment I bet with you that I can change the state and the physical state

Of your brain if it could be measured right now via EEG for example uh in a second and you know what I do what is 13 * 17 who knows and suddenly when you would measure your brain currents now just by giving you this acoustic information

Which you perceive as an idea and it could be visual it could be by Audio it could be by your own thought maybe you think about it in the night when you can’t sleep what is 13 by 17 actually um you think about that and this changes an

Idea a rational mental content changes the physical state of your brain so I think it’s a two-ways direction on the one hand ideas can change your physical state of the brain and it can even change the brain as we saw from neuroplasticity but in the same way of

Course the physical state of the brain can change your ideas an easy way to find out if you drink too much alcohol you will realize that you will have no chance to calculate what 13 * 17 is so worldview presuppositions are quickly quick to enter into the interpretations of these

Experiments what we can definitely say is from the experiments is brains and brain activity correlates with Consciousness this is something that we can say um and Consciousness is a very complex thing so scientists try to cut down a complex thing into easier and more simple things and the more simple

Things the elements of Consciousness are usually called quaia have you heard about this qualia the quaia problem qualia is how does something feel and these are the basic elements of Consciousness for example how does seeing colors feel I see the color of blue I see the color of red or hearing

Sounds feeling pain falling in love and all these things of course this is already a very complex feeling which might go along with several other things but the basic concepts are the basic qualia to experience a physical state as something else and the physical states can only be measured with brain currents and

Magnetic fields but you don’t see the color red in your brain when you see a red t-shirt or a red pullover sweatshirt the interesting thing is that the first person perspective my experience of something belongs to me to me only no one else can have it can have

The same experience we can talk about it that maybe you see here a blue slide and you might say yes it’s blue and white uh script but another one might also say and agree but maybe they see have a completely different experience maybe what they experience is something that I

Would call Red and not blue we just don’t know because an experience is an experience it can only be communicated via words but we cannot enter into the identity and the feeling of another person Thomas Nagel has written a fam a famous uh um publication about that what

It feels to be like a bat and we can never know that that’s his conclusion this has been spec ated already in 19th century ignorabimus we will never know Emil Duo famous phys physiologist of burlin he says that pain smell self-consciousness can possibly arise from physical brain processes only

Because they belong to a firsters experience and they cannot be directly measured from a third person perspective so he claims there is a general boundary to what science can actually find out about human beings and about our identity or Thomas metzinger one of the leading philosophers um he he admits

Even though he is close to be a materialist maybe a bit more uh open to some non-material processes the problem of Consciousness constitutes today the ultimate Frontier of human striving for knowledge what is exactly Consciousness is it caused by material processes only or is it more than that and of course

This question is related to the question whether artificial intelligence is able to develop Consciousness because either you just need enough neurons and the right connections to produce Consciousness or machines can never ever exhibit Consciousness Consciousness is a bit like our nice cat you know that there is

A bird hidden in that picture but you just don’t see it because the bird is inside the cat and you cannot look inside the cat from outside going back to the computer white slides again again can a computer be consciously aware again a very interesting thought experiment let’s

Travel to the Future and there is a scientist called Mary she has been born colorblind she has never been able to actually see colors she only sees gray black and white Frank Jackson who has developed this thought experiment um he just says well let’s assume she knows all the data because

She was so Keen to learn how Color seeeing Works that she has studied physics chemistry biology physiology psychology everything everything you could know about seeing colors she knows everything but she cannot see colors and now let’s assume that one day in the future it is possible to do a surgery on her brain

Maybe and connect something that was not connected before and suddenly she can see colors she sees red and blue and green her knowledge has not changed at all the the equations of physics are still valid the elements in chemistry and the reactions are still valid all that has not changed she has known

Everything because it’s in the future we don’t know yet everything of course but let’s assume in the future that’s the case and still the question is has she learned something new something that she didn’t know before and the answer by most philosophers of mind would be like David

Chalas or here Christina AER who has done her habilitation on that a Swiss um philosopher and theologian complete scientific knowledge does not imply knowledge about the qualitative aspect of the states of our Consciousness the existence of conscious experience is an additional fact or as we say in Germany have you understood to

Experience something is more than to study something because to study only works from the distance from the third person experience but to really experience it to probe it to test it like a cake or something is more than that so the conclusion from that argument would be computing power is not

And will never be sufficient for Consciousness also David charas one of those leading scientists in the philosophy of mind would confirm that a frequent argument that you can come across is usually well okay take away the brain and there is no consciousness so the Consciousness is definitely connected to material processes to some

Degree that is right but how do we know that for example there are people like even some doctors and there are thousands of Publications about that by now who claim that there is the phenomenon of so-called near-death experiences this is a very difficult area because there is no way to verify

That scientifically but people who claim to have experienced something like watching a car accident next to the hospital while they were resuscitated within the hospital and the data that they actually talk about seem to be correct either there is fraud behind that of course we can never exclude that

Maybe the doctor and the patient somehow dealt about that and said let’s earn some money with that or it really takes place we just don’t know so there are some evidence that maybe Consciousness can go on without the brain but philosophically and this is of course uh

A more stringent argument let’s use the analogy of a TV let’s assume my cat likes watching documentary movies on climate change like polar bears here in the arctis in Arctica um and I don’t like that because I want to play with my cat and so I decide I destroy the television of

Course the TV program has gone now but is the TV program itself explain exped by the electrical circuits in the TV no the TV is only transmitting the program when the TV is destroyed there is no program yes but the program itself is not part of the TV but it is only

Transmitted via the TV and so in the philosophy of mind one would say mental content like the TV program lot of ideas have a mental origin it’s not Material in itself and so we can also say human beings are probably more than just biological algorithms they are more than just

Computers even though we can follow logical operations as a computer can do so the computer simulates a certain part of human behavior we are more than biological algorithms we experience feelings we experience desires we have moral values we can reason in a rational way and understand the logic behind it

While AI can only simulate these and human beings look for meaning in life a machine does not look for meaning in life because meaning in life is not problem solving and meaning in life is not optimization that’s all that machines usually do they solve problems and they optimize a very nice Parable is

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy maybe you have read it a great book um and the answer is 42 but what’s the question the meaning of life probably is not 42 even though in couta e in Georgia I stayed in room number 42 in a hotel

But I didn’t find the meaning of life there unfortunately where does meaning come from and all of us look for meaning in our lives isn’t it meaning comes from relationship because my wife can tell me you mean something to me in my life you are precious to me I love the way how

You cook how you care for me how we live together how we can share our thoughts how we can communicate and understand each other relationship is a prerequisite for meaning if there is no relationship on the fundamentals of the universe then there is no meaning to the

Universe meaning also I think should be moral because if meaning is at the disadvantage of other people who suffer from me finding meaning then there’s a problem to the meaning because it’s a morally bad meaning in my life and true meaning can only be Eternal I would say

Because everything that has an end is in the end meaningless think about our planet Earth in a few million years planet Earth will be so hot because the sun is expanding and expanding due to the nuclear uh Fusion in the sun um that sun the Earth will be so hot that no

Humans will be able to live on earth anymore in a few million years and in a few billion years the sun will be so large that the Earth will even be swallowed by the Sun and not long after that the sun will EXP explode all that will just crumble into Stardust and so

On and we will be gone and so will our museums our universities everything we have ever done so no eternity no meaning big questions but what does that mean in practice for how can we use artificial intelligence in a reasonable way I love this comic usually we think we are in

Control in my mind fetch my emails navigate to John’s house show me the news Send this photo to Lynn and the smartphone answers yes master I will do but in reality charge me give me some Wi-Fi now I have a new email come on read answer

This call there’s a call for you and here’s a restaurant by the way check in and please go don’t forget the feedback for the restaurant of course and we say Yes master to the smartphone isn’t that a much more practical way way even to think about artificial intelligence as

We occurred today I would say this shows technology is actually a tool but we can be very much enslaved by that tool if we don’t pay attention and remain in responsibility artificial intelligence is a technology technology is defined as the expansion of human abilities either for good or for bad applications think

About the ambivalence and ambiguity of artificial intelligence applications they can be used as Weapons or for diagnosis of cancer and so I would say in the end machines or tools should not be responsible like my hammer would never be responsible when I hit with my hammer another person and kill that person it’s

Always the human being who is responsible the final responsibility for ethical decisions always remains with human persons we should always know whether we deal with a machine or with a human being in the internet so it should always show you are talking to a chatbot when you ask for technical support for

Your system at the computer or something or whether you really deal with a real person in online Consulting and so on but reasonable use of artificial intelligence also means thinking about ecological issues for example here this climate scientist and meteorologist Sven pluger in Germany he actually shows that

Energy and greenhouse gas emission of the internet and this is the Internet only um in 2019 actually is the third largest consumer of electricity if it was an on Nation like first is USA of course second is China and if the internet itself would be a separate nation this

Would be the third largest consumer of electricity 800 million tons of carbon dioxide are emitted this is rank number six equal like my home country Germany 3.7% of worldwide greenhouse gases which is more than flights actually um go on the account uh of the internet annual growth of electricity consumption by 9%

Because we build more calculators and larger calculators and then of course we have these resources rare earth metals depletion often IL illegally but illegally by child labor and so in the Congo and so on so there are a lot of ethical issues and I’m glad that at

Least there are some companies of course not the big ones neither Google nor Samsung nor Apple nor Nokia but I know a German company and a Dutch company who produce fair trade uh phones um that try to be as transparent as possible and that are also modular that means you can

Repair it and I actually have repaired my smartphone already and I could change my screen when it went out of order normally with apple or with Samsung this is not possible you have to buy a new smartphone producing a lot of rubbish a lot of litter and then another thing is our

Society I would say dangerous is never artificial intelligence itself but the way how we use it which means the user behind it like in George alwayss 1984 we can use surveillance for the good when we just monitor our own house in order to prevent criminals from

Entering but in China all of society is mentored not only in the streets but even in the internet on your smartphone everything is monitored and there is a social credit system which adds points and according to these points you have certain rights or you don’t have these rights trading everything is completely

Monitored via smartphones and there’s a national firewall which informations which information might might be imported from outside of China and which may be might be exported or not total surveillance of public space and where is privacy in this case so it’s very good that the European Union has a project called Aida

Artificial intelligence in a digital age which basically asks the question how should our society look like and which applications are we willing to allow and which are we not willing to allow because it changes Society in a way that we don’t want so the first question we

Need to ask is in which world do we want to live and the second question is how does technology fit into this world the problem that we face is that technology evolves much faster and is developed much faster than the law and so on can follow so actually it’s an open question

How all this will develop and of course everyone wants to be the first in developing the best artificial intelligence and no one wants to be behind so I don’t know this is an open race I can only challenge you as computer scientists think about these ethical questions think about how can we

Produce a world in which we want to live with all privacy that we need and with all ethical values that we want to keep and my final chapter artificial intelligence makes me not only think about ethical questions but about worldview issues just to think about that where does intelligence come from

When we look at artificial intelligence it took us 70 years from Conrad Su who developed the computer to today and millions of Engineers have put a lot of intelligence into programming artificial intelligence to me the question arises where does my own intelligence comes from come from which in general terms

Will still be better than specific artificial intelligence where does it come from and this question is actually not my own question but but it’s a question that famous biologist Charles Darwin asked is famous Charles Darwin’s doubt he wrote in a letter at the end of his life with me the horrid doubt always

Arises whether the conviction of a man’s mind our rational thinking whether these convictions which has been developed from the mind of the lower animals over the course of millions of years by chance and necessity variation and sele whether these convictions are of any value or are at all trustworthy why can

We trust our mind if it’s just the product of chance and necessity according to the selectional principle of Fitness think about Fitness Fitness means you are able to reproduce so the best uh the best fitness has the person who can reproduce in the most in the best way produce the

Most Offspring think about the most brilliant Minds most of you might think about theoretical physicists like myself or about about mathematicians or about Brilliant Minds but when you look at the reproductive capacity of theoretical physicists and mathematicians often they have not been so successful and they’re producing themselves so the question is

How can Fitness in reproduction actually cause our mind to become so successful and able to discern truth that’s a valid question why should we trust our reason if it’s only the byproduct of natural processes and then of course the question is what is a human being is Hu Harari right when he says

Human beings are only biological algorithms or are we like the Christian tradition would say are we living Souls that are incarnated in the body so we are more than just material processes made in the image of God even according to a certain design conscious emotional rational intentional and so on there are

Different worldviews and it’s important to ask these worldview questions it’s not about preaching or going to church or something but it’s about the reality what is the reality what is a human being and according to that there is another question what is our problem as human beings we realize that this world

Is not the best possible world there’s so much suffering in this world is the reason for that just that human beings have a technological problem that can be solved by artificial nanor robotss or is maybe Nicola Tesla right a very ingenious theoretical physicist by the way we are living in an age of

Unprecedented technical achievements leading to a more and more complete Mastery of the forces of nature and annihilation of time and space but this development while contributing to our comfort convenience and safety of existence is not in the direction of true culture and enlightenment M on the contrary it is destructive of ideals the

Real cause for the fall of Nations is the inability of mankind to solve the social the moral and the spiritual problems this was written well before artificial intelligence was on the scene but I think you can apply this citation into our situation today what a prophetic statement and we have talked

About these ethical dilema social moral and spiritual so what is our problem do we have a technological problem or is there a deeper moral and spiritual problem in US human beings that we are simply not able to live according to a standard that allows for real love and caring for all human

Beings and then of course the question is how is the human problem solved is it solved by bioengineering by upload of Consciousness to artificial intelligence for immortality or do we need to find a new identity by reconnecting to may be the one who designed our mind as a Christian I believe that immortality

Through being resurrected as my true self but that of course is another question and not part in today’s lecture I have gone a long road with you and I hope I have made you think a bit about the Deep dimensions of artificial intelligence brains and the future of

Mankind if you want to read on I can recommend you quite a few books that you can find here and if you can read German you can even go to our website and find some more on that but I thank you very much for your patience listening me and

I am excited what questions or comments might be there on your side thank you very [Applause] much can we go with two microphones maybe if someone has a question you can just raise your hand maybe and ask a question or make a comment I think this

Is such a vast topic so I think there are no stupid questions there’s a question Lana here in the fourth row hello hello I would like to ask uh questions two I have two questions actually uh so uh I would like to ask question uh from the view of comparative anatomy and

Comparative physiology like um when you are searching deeper aspects of artificial intelligence and the functions of the brain human brain um did you ever have some opinion that the human brain is not necessarily the most optimal version but some more more uh um polished version could be created

Evolutionary this is one question and another one maybe let me first respond to that question and then you can ask the second question because I can’t remember all these questions step by step step by step my brain is not optimized for parallel answering of different questions and that shows you of course

We could think about more complex brains that are able to calculate faster or calculate differently but actually when you ask neuroscientists and for example we have done an interview with uh Nobel Prize winner Thomas suo for our documentary movie more than my brain that that you can even watch uh online

At Vision video.com um then um he says we have only understood about 2% of how how the brain works up to recent up to recent understanding um people thought that only the neurons are actually important but we have found out that there are billions of clear cells for example that

Are also important for our transmitting of signals and so on so it seems that the way how the brain works is wired in a way that we just don’t understand yet so in order to judge whether our brain is optimal or not optimal is probably hard to decide on a physiological way as

We don’t know so much but I’m not a physiologist so I I cannot answer that of course coming from from the application point of course our brains somehow can be prone to error sometimes we make logical conclusions that are wrong but on the other hand we can also

Find out that we are wrong if we use all our brains and discuss together so it seems that our brains are wired in a way that we need correction from other brains from other people so I don’t know whether that’s a good thing or a bad

Thing H it forces us to talk to other people and not be on our own if our brains are not optimal second question please and uh another question please uh so uh when I would like oh I would like um to address to the name of your institution actually yeah

Uh like when you have deep knowledge in artificial intelligence in Neuroscience in physics in other fields of Sciences deep aspects of them is there left enough room for Faith for faith in God you mean yeah that’s a very good question and you’re right my question my my Institute

Is called Institute for Faith and Science and I would like to ask uh a counter question what should we measure in order to prove the existence of God what should be measured black energy energy black energy black energy well black energy is a part of astrophysics and so on but why would

That prove the existence of God black energy it could not but that’s just another physical phenomenon if we are able to manage the the point is think about a picture imagine a very nice picture of fang and then I tell you um you are all physicist chemists biologists it scientists

Whatever please prove prove with your science that this picture has been painted by Fang and you can find out more and more about this picture you can find out all the atoms and count the number of atoms weigh the weight of the picture you can think about all the different elements

That are in that picture but in the end you will never come up with a proof that this picture has been painted by Fang because Fang himself is the author and the painter of the picture but he is not a part of that very picture so when we

Use methods like physics chemistry or informatics and so on which work inside this material world we will only find out properties of this material world but if there is an author to that material world we cannot measure this God because he’s the painter and outside

Of the painting and so what we can find out might be Tres or evidence for example in a picture of fang you will find out that yeah there are certain characteristics in that picture that are typical for Fang so that’s not a proof of the existence of Fango but that’s a

Good pointer and just as I indicated the existence of Consciousness might point to the fact that material world is not everything but that there is more to the universe than just matter or the existence of rationality Might point to the fact that there is actually an intelligence that has created

Intelligent beings and has transferred the ability to think think intelligently to us because normally physical processes do not produce intelligence we just suppose that this must have been the case over the centuries and over the billions of years but how do we know it could be that some

Being from outside interfered and made us able to think his thoughts after him as the first scientists like Johannes Kepler for example said that we are able to understand the universe because we are made in the image of that intelligent being and can actually um also think

Intelligently like um what did I want to say yeah why does matter actually conform to mathematical formula that’s one of the biggest Riddles In the philosophy of science because matter is just stupid matter just is inert and it just behaves according to certain standards and then we with our minds

Analyze matter and we find out actually that matter behaves according to certain rational laws mathematical laws and these rational mathematical laws actually would even be valid if there was no Universe if there is no material Universe 1+ one would still be two and the potential equation and the laas

Equation all these equations would still be true because they are rational ideas they are part of a rational universe and the question is why does the material Universe comply and converge with the rational universe and that’s a big question and one easy explanation might be because there is a mind who created

Both because the ideas of the rational mind are mathematical equations and the creation and the works of the rational mind would be matter other issues would be matter how stable is matter is matter not based on information like Nobel Prize winner Anton singer has a very interesting paper called bit before it

Where he claims the fundamental quantity of the universe is not matter and energy but it’s information but that’s a completely different issue I just want to point if you want to Google for that bit before it by Anon singer Nobel Prize winner in 2022 quantum mechanics yeah there’s

Another question so the question is basically how can how has democracy any chance against the totalitarian system sure it is very have you read jual Harari homodeos because he has a chapter on that actually and he says the difference between a totalitarian system like the Soviet Union

And democracy is that in a totalitarian system you have one large Central informational Hub and all information passes through this one Hub and this one Hub controls everything in a democracy you have many different hubs and even controversial hubs because a democracy allows for different opinions so you

Have a greater variety and variation and in this way he explains why the Western democracies have been more successful on the long run than the totalitarian state of the Soviet Union um because information was processed much in much more variety and in much more diverse ways to find out the best Solutions

While in the centralized versions of totalitarian States a lot of opinions were not allowed because there are also rules in totalitarian states of course they are not without rules that would be an anarchy and Anarchy also does not work because you have no information processing hubs to use juel Harari uh

Lang which and so I think um I would agree with yal Harari I don’t agree with everything he says in his book I have a lot of different opinions of course as you might have realized from my talk but I agree in this one point that from an information technology uh side uh

Democracy is superior to a totalitarian system because it has more variety and a more diverse approach to develop strategies to problem solving and and even more rewards because when you develop a problem solving strategy in a democracy then you get very high rewards because you earn a

Lot of money in a totalitarian system it is easy that the the rewards are actually taken by the totalitarian system and you are put to prison because you have become too dangerous like think about China and Alibaba and other examples just to comment on that yeah thank you for this good question I

Appreciate that very much one moment there is um just raise your hand and a quick question yeah um did you what do you think about this open letter open AI open letter open letter did you sign it I’m not significant enough to sign it but I think I would sign it if that

Would make any difference um the problem about this open letter is of course the following I think they Define the problem in the right way like we should stop and first think about ethical rules but the problem is if some states and governments or companies decide we stop

Our development of AI and others still continue like in totalitarian systems it is easy that they are just uh um Left Behind and the others who do the research go on and if you want to talk and influence others you need to be on the top Edge only the

People who are at the top Edge will actually decide which ethics will be used I think that’s one of the basic problems um that in research only those are heard which are most advanced and those who are behind and want restrict research people say like a come forget

About it um you have nothing to say because you are not fur further Advanced so I think it’s very important that leading scientists have signed this letter and that we become more conscious about that and which that we establish rules but this does not mean that we

Have to stop research we just have to do the research in a more cautious way um and not allow applications to enter Society to fast like with laboratories on viruses and so on the viruses should stay where they are and never be released and similar with that do the

Research understand the topics but U be very careful when to apply and the application should only be done after we have evaluated ethical standards and laws do you think this letter is more more kind of stunt like uh to aware to raise awareness about the problem well

It has no legal uh uh commitment to it it’s just a statement and a warning um but it has no consequences so whoever likes to follow it can follow it but I would even doubt that the scientists who doubt who who signed this letter really stopped to work in artificial

Intelligence I can’t judge about that but I would guess that most of them are too curious about the future and about their research there’s also a question in the first row here by the way first of all thank you for this interesting lecture uh you mentioned and

You talked about AI uh but I have questions about AGI what is the current stage of AGI development and what uh danger it can bring to the human beings that’s my question thank you yeah this is one of the fundamental question especially in science fiction movies of

Course but also in general like step Hawking thought about that and illan musk and so on as I explained to you I think AGI in the moment is still a project for the future we have developed some programs that are able to develop different strategies like Google has

Developed an algorithm that can learn to play games and win in these games but this algorithm is still not able to cook tomato soup or something like that so it’s a far way away from general intelligence and then of course general intelligence is still different from being conscious and I think the real

Danger would be if a conscious be being would come out of that but I have given you some arguments like John Seal’s Chinese room example and uh the blind Mary colorblind Mary experiment and so on I personally don’t think that Consciousness can be reduced to material processes only because I have this

Worldview I’m not afraid of that if you think that everything that we are as human beings and in this universe is material then of course it would be possible because then Consciousness can only be a function of material processes and then Super intelligence might be possible because Consciousness could

Arise from Material processes but I have strong doubts and I’m not the only one to have strong doubts about that um so I think we should develop U intelligence I doubt that we will ever reach a state where intelligence goes beyond the state of simulating simulating rational

Behavior and has real insight and real understanding of semantics because this is connected to quaia and so on also a thought is a faia issue actually um so I’m optimistic but it’s our call to be responsible and as we said here first check the ethics and then do the

Application I think research can be done in a lab like with viruses and we need to be careful that they don’t escape like maybe it happened with Corona we don’t know um this can be dangerous of course but it should stay in the lab until we are sure it’s safe so the

Problem with cat GPT was maybe it was released without thinking about the consequences and now we have the problem that all students at school can write their exams and their essays at home using cat gbt and the teacher has a hard time to decide that whether they used it

Or not and so I would say to use chat GPD widely wisely would mean you can use it like a search machine be inspired by it but you should never just use the text by chat gbt but you should research where do the quotes come from who said

What and so on and then it’s like a search engine and it’s an intelligence search engine engine that can be very helpful but chat is not considered to be general intelligence yet even though the answers sound sometimes very sophisticated but it has strong limitations like it only reproduces

Things that are in the database and this is a huge database but it doesn’t create new knowledge actually it’s only statistical correlations and so on so it’s not yet general intelligence as the information information scientists in the moment agree maybe this question question is the last question because I see a lot of

People stand oh there’s also a question in the um how do you say that the balcony in the higher regions of this lecture theater okay this question and this question and a lot of people might want to leave so we should maybe finish then but I will stay here and if people have

Personal questions we can go on like that yeah please so first of all thank you very much for your presentation it was too many um panic in your presentations and could you please tell us about consciousness of German people with closed gate Panic uh experience you talked about that that experience it’s

Very um important closed gate what do you mean so I know that you have had some tradition of closing gates to Left Behind of some kind of situations when okay yes so I the German angst so to say or yes so what was happening to them who was

Behind or why it’s so important because I asked Chad JB and he told it um concentrating on panic and fear it’s not good we need to consider that spirit and uh Materia it’s the one and a lot of scientists included myself we think so so far what is the idea to focus on

Panic and fear and left behind consequences I hope that it did not come across in a way that I would focus focus on panic and fear because first chapter was all about very positive impacts on AI and what they have achieved and what they can do I

Think at the moment we have not the problem that we have too little fear of AI I think most people are very optimistic I would say uh in uh regard to artificial intelligence um but we don’t think about ethical consequences and like when we when we look at China

For example I don’t want to live in China actually at the moment just being a tourist maybe but I don’t want don’t want to live there I have some friends who live there and they say you are a glass person because the state knows everything about you even as a tourist

You should buy a new smartphone and not use your old smartphone because the government will store all your data and I don’t know whether you are fearful about that or not I’m I’m fearful about human beings who are using artificial intelligence that is my fear because I distrust human beings who will abuse

Nuclear power who will use every kind kind of technology for the evil purpose and not for the good purpose just think about what’s happening in war situations right now in this part of the world so if we panic and we have fear that’s why we could think in that way you don’t think

So um I I don’t understand the question you mean if we Panic we can think in that way negative way negative way no I think we should always think in both ways we should think as I said AI is a technology that is good and bad it can

Be used for good and bad it it it expands human possibilities and abilities for the good and for the bad or would you say it’s only for the good it’s non punitive thinking it’s a way of thinking new thinking when you don’t know who is the faulty I mean you saw

Second your slide was regarding that I don’t think in non solution based thinking it’s not up to black and white you don’t think so I I don’t understand the question my my thesis was that artificial intelligence can be used for good purposes and for bad purposes and so we

Do not need to panic that was my my sixth chapter is a i a reason to panic and I would argue that it’s not a reason to panic but we need to think about a reasonable use a reasonable use yeah that was the chapter with the smartphone

At the beginning if human beings or maybe I should use that yeah maybe I should sit down and use that because the battery the battery is probably empty um if we use technology without thinking we will be enslaved to technology like our smartphones if you just use your

Smartphone then the smartphone will tell you there is a inform the way of thinking AI is considering Green Planet like it’s intelligent thinking it’s not like good or bad or worse and that stuff that is theide idea we need to be intelligent yes of course I agree

Completely we need to be intelligent and we need we need to be the masters of our technology and not the other way around this is very important so why you concentrate on panics that was my question we should not concentrate on Panic thank you very but we should think

In an ambiguous way in an ambivalent way we should acknowledge that AI has opportunities for the future like doctors are very grateful for AI so to make good diagnosis but on the other hand we should not blindly trust AI for example when it comes to the prediction

Whether a criminal will again do a crime again should we just blindly trust the data that AI has sorted out from previous cases and say okay AI has found out that this criminal has a chance of 90% of committing the same crime again and I think we should not rely on that

It’s not blind trust it’s like love care and plus trust you love artificial intelligence and you care for artificial intelligence I’m 100% sure that rationality it’s up up to good 100% sure and there are a lot of scientists who are absolutely sure regarding that rationality is again an instrument that

Can be used for the good and for the bad you can design a rational U method in order to prevent people from starving from Hunger or you can design a rational strategy in order to invade another country and Conquer it one is good one is bad or would you disagree with that

That is way of thinking and that’s why I would like to know know what was happening to people who were left behind of that Gates but they got some panic and you made big presentation of it okay yeah yeah Panic itself is not the solution you’re completely right it’s not

Russian it’s less productivity we are Georgians we are having fun yeah a lot a lot is not rational I mean Joy is Joy rational what is what is rational it’s physiology it is feelings it’s feelings it’s emotions and emotions are different from R and that’s another point that I

Wanted to make we are not just rational beings we are emotional beings we are not just material processes calculating all the time and solving problems and optimization this is not what a human being is we are much more than just these material rational processes that is the one spirit and material is the

One you need to that’s a worldview that’s a world viw you can believe that but you can also believe differently of course yeah some people believe it’s one other people don’t believe it’s one so yeah but that’s that’s a very important discussion that we should have but there

Was more question from uh I have one more question here from there okay yeah uh So currently um Humanity has evolved to a place where we are able to produce or in labs they can reproduce some parts of the organs right so will we ever be able to create human brain that’s a

Simple question right here I don’t know it’s a very simple answer I really don’t know I mean there is the blue Brain Project the whole point of the question is is the like brain just a connection of material or is there anything else added to it so if we just like as you

Said just get 80% of water protein and combine it will be able to uh get this like brain in the future or it’s impossible and we need some extra magic flavor there was a lot of optimism 20 years ago but a friend of has also worked in the human brain project and uh

They actually when you read the evaluation of that project they have really discovered a lot of interesting facts but they admit that they have not really achieved the goal to simulate the brain and to understand the brain they have understood some details but the human brain is so much more complex

That’s why Nobel Prize winner Thomas zov says we have maybe understood 2% of the brain we are far from really understanding the brain we know some Reg of the brain that are active at certain points but how the brain really works and functions and how the currents and

The chemicals the hormones and all this works together and the different cells in the brain and whether we have understood all the cells we are far away from understanding that and that’s why Neuroscience in the moment is one of the top Sciences because there is a vast

Field which you can still discover and of course when you are directly in the area of research you cannot predict whether you will succeed or not it would be hybris to say yes we will make manage or it would be Hy to say we will never manage I mean but you are completely

Right if the brain is not only material then it will be probably not possible for science which deals with material me measurable processes to actually uh simulate and understand the brain completely then there will always be something Beyond scientific processes if the brain is purely material then uh uh

It could be possible to simulate the brain yeah but we don’t know that we there there is no proof for either or I just showed you some arguments from the philosophy of Mind from philosophers who say the brain is probably not everything that is to the mind but the mind and the

Brain correlate but the mind can even have a causal action on the brain because mind somehow by ideas can influence brain activity however it’s working we don’t know Nobel Prize winner John Eckles tried to work on that he did not find a solution but as we do not

Find any kind of evidence for a mechanism between a soul and a brain this does not mean that there is no maybe we have to do more research and ask better questions it’s open and that’s the good thing about science go on ask the right questions and do research all here and think

Rationally thank you um can we give a microphone to the balcony or are you do you have a loud voice you can also ask with a loud voice voice maybe I can come down yeah I’ll come down uh firstly thank you for visiting us here and as you said artificial

Intelligence is like uh for example chib work by collecting data from networkers we use and uh when we ask chbt informations that about events that took place after 2021 it tells that it cannot provide such information so I wonder if it’s a case of some safety act or something

Else sorry I did not understand the final thing can you repeat please yeah when we ask chaji the newest informations informations that took place uh events that took place after year 2021 chib says that his knowledge is not able to give us that information

Uh above 2021 so I wonder if it’s a case of some safety acts about collecting extra information or it’s something else well I’m not a programmer of jet GPT so I don’t know I just know that jet gbt 3 did not have many restrictions but jet GPT 4 includes much more many more

Restrictions also about citations that should be marked and not making up wrong citations and so on so I think they develop a lot of restrictions um probably this is something about restrictions yes I don’t think that JT itself would come up with that idea but I don’t know and maybe even the

Programmers don’t know uh unless they have actually implemented such kind of a safety regulation but you need to know it’s always developed further and further um and especially also with regard to when you enter how can I kill myself and so on then there are a lot of

Safety reg regulations of course or how can I build a bomb in order to kill many people um and it’s good that they have enter these restrictions because otherwise everyone could download uh instructions how to build bombs or how to kill oneself and others yeah thanks and another question if it’s possible as

Many people concern if chbt has ability to grow its no grow its abilities is it really the case can it grow its abilities or it’s just as it’s programmed this is in the moment a matter of discussion because what we have observed with chat gbt is that the

Quality of data procession has jumped there is a large jump but the question is is it a jump that grows on exponentially or is it just a jump to another level and it will level out and as far as I know there are some scientists who say one thing and are

Afraid that it will grow very very much into a super intelligence and there are other scientists who say well we have just reached a new capacity of calculating a lot of texts and so on and calculating statistical um connections but this will level out because once we

Have dealt with all the texts that are available on the internet there is not much more to be learned for that so it really depends on what you believe uh chat gbt actually is and that might show whether it’s a general intelligence growing into Consciousness or whether it’s just um a specific intelligence

That will continue to grow only a little bit because we have reached the maximum amount of information by using the whole internet to train it thanks yeah but no need to panic really that was the reason for the sixth chapter I’m sorry if if I was misunderstand our we

Can no need to panic but be reasonable and use it wisely don’t be ruled by artificial intelligence that’s a basic message thank you I I will still be there and I will pass on