從王政時代到西羅馬滅亡，一口氣看完羅馬史！

羅馬的起源傳說是在希臘人用木馬計打敗特洛伊之後，特洛伊英雄埃涅阿斯率領遺民逃了出來，歷經艱辛來到了意大利半島的拉丁姆平原，建立了龍加國，成為了國王，其子孫 後代統治拉丁姆平原。 到了第15代國王努米托爾時，被自己的弟弟阿穆利烏斯篡奪了王位，還處死了努米托爾的所有兒子，並將努米托爾的女兒西爾維亞送去做 了女祭司，讓其不能結婚生子……

#歷史 #一口氣看完 #科普 #知識 #羅馬

The legend of the origin of Rome is that after the Greeks defeated Troy with the Trojan horse trick, the Trojan hero Aeneas led the survivors to escape. After going through hardships, they came to the Latium plain on the Italian peninsula and established the Kingdom of Ronga. He became the king

And his descendants ruled Latium. When Numitor , the 15th king of the plain, usurped the throne from his brother Amulius , he executed all of Numitor’s sons and gave Numitor’s daughter Silvia as a daughter-in-law. The priest told her not to get married and have children.

However, when she was a priestess, the kind-hearted Sylvia was loved by Ares, the god of war, because of her beautiful appearance and pure heart. After the union of one person and one god, she gave birth to a pair of twins . When Amulius found out, he was very angry

And ordered his servants to throw the two children into the Tiber River and drown them. However, the servant took pity on the two crying babies and just put them on the bank of the river and left. I hope there are kind-hearted people passing by. Able to Adopt Two Babies

Not long after the servant left, the child’s cry alerted a she-wolf who came to the river to drink water. Instead of harming the two children, the she-wolf fed them with milk . By coincidence, a shepherd happened to pass by at this time. I

Was very surprised at the magical sight I saw in front of me and thought it must be the result of the blessing of the gods. So the shepherd took the two babies home. The two babies gradually grew up under the careful care of him and his wife

And gave them names – When Romulus and Remus became adults, Romulus and Remus accidentally learned their true identities. Their deep hatred prompted the two brothers to gather many citizens who were dissatisfied with Amulius’ rule to launch a riot . After the victory,

The two brothers started a riot and took back the throne. They decided to build a new city by the Tiber River where the she-wolf fed them. However, they had a dispute over what to name the new city. Both sides wanted to name each city after themselves. As a result,

A scuffle broke out between the two brothers. In the scuffle, Romulus killed Remus. From then on, Romulus’s name was given to the name of the new city – Rome. At the same time, Romulus also A series of political systems such as the Senate and the Phratry Assembly were established.

In 753 BC, Rome was officially established. Romulus became the first king of Rome. In 510 BC, Tarquin, the seventh king of Rome, was appointed. Seven kings ruled Rome until it was overthrown. This period was called the Royal Age. In the late Royal Age,

With the stability of the country and the development of productivity, Roman citizens began to divide. Rich people began to become aristocrats. Bankrupt people could only live on the aristocracy . As a result, a large number of citizens became the private property of the nobility, which led to insufficient military resources in Rome.

There were fewer and fewer citizens paying taxes to the country, while the nobility became richer and richer. After the sixth king Servius came to the throne, according to the regulations at that time The Roman situation carried out a series of reforms, disrupting the previous phratry assembly established based on blood relations,

And establishing new tribes based on the area where the citizens were located. The scope of Roman citizens was expanded , and then a census of citizens’ properties was conducted to classify citizens according to their location. The amount of property was divided into five levels.

Each level had different obligations and provided different numbers of centurions, which ensured Rome’s military resources and tax revenue , and created the Centurian Assembly in favor of the nobility. As a new citizens’ assembly, it eased the relationship between the king and the nobility. The above content is the famous Servius Reform.

Historical scholars generally define this reform as the true founding of Rome because after the reform, Rome officially got rid of the original blood clan system and established a true The class state and the hierarchical aristocracy also became the source of the feudal hierarchy in Western Europe

In the Middle Ages . Although Servius’ reforms made the Roman political system more mature , it also encouraged the continuous expansion of the power of the aristocracy, monopolizing the Senate and many civil servant positions . During the reign of the seventh king, Tarquin the Proud,

Tarquin began to seek to strengthen the royal power in order to weaken the power of the nobility, which resulted in a very tense relationship between the king and the nobles. At this time , Tarquin’s scoundrel son Cestus raped the noble Lu Xiu.

This incident directly led to the Senate nobles calling on all Latins to revolt and drive away the Tarquin family . The king system was officially abolished. After the overthrow of the king, Rome established two consuls as the supreme head of

State. The two consuls had equal powers for one term. The selection of the consul in 2016 is made by the former consul nominating two nobles from the Senate, who then take office after being approved by the Centurian Assembly and approved by the Senate. The Senate acts as its advisory body.

Important matters need to be discussed by the nobles of the Senate. It can be implemented only through passing , and the nobles of the Senate are lifelong consuls who are also elected from the Senate. The power to interpret the law is completely decided by the nobles.

Therefore, the Roman Republic is actually an aristocratic republic. The rights of the common people are difficult to protect , but Soldiers and taxes are provided by civilians , so in order to protect their own power, civilians have repeatedly launched civilian evacuation movements when Rome was in danger of foreign invasion. In other words,

If we are not given power, we will move away and go to war with you nobles. Fight it yourself. This trick has been tried and true. The nobles have been forced to make concessions to the common people time and time again. The common people have also obtained many rights for themselves.

For example, they have established tribunes who are dedicated to speaking out for the common people. Their power is almost equal to that of the consuls . They also do not allow common people to become corrupt officials because of debt problems. Slaves, etc. The more famous one is to have the nobles

Set up the “Twelve Tables of Bronze” in the square to carve the law word for word. In this way, the nobles cannot interpret the law casually in court and judge cases according to the law inscribed on the square. The legal provisions of the law shall prevail , and this has become

The original blueprint for Roman law and European laws in the future. Common people no longer become slaves of the nobles. So a new problem arises. Common people cannot become slaves . So who will farm and work for the nobles? The only answer is to enslave other peoples, so Rome began to expand externally.

In order to obtain more land and wealth, the common people also supported the expansion plans of the nobles. Rome first defeated the neighboring Etruscans through three European wars and took complete control. The entire Latium Plain and defeated the Greek colonial city-states in southern Italy through three Samnite Wars. In 272 BC,

The last Greek colonial city-state of Tarentum surrendered. Rome ruled the entire Italian Peninsula except for the Alps . With the invasion of Italy After the conquest was completed, a large number of slaves and wealth poured into the city of Rome.

After the Romans tasted the sweetness, they were completely unable to control the pace of conquest. In addition, there is a more important reason for this, which is that the Italian peninsula is mountainous and has a Mediterranean climate . Suitable for planting food crops. With the rapid increase in population,

We can only continue to exchange wine and olive oil for food from Egypt, Syria and other regions across the Mediterranean through maritime trade . However, the Mediterranean trade route is not something you can take if you want. At that time, the hegemon of the Western Mediterranean was

Carthage in North Africa, whose national power was growing rapidly, and the Eastern Mediterranean also had the Macedonian and Antigonid dynasties that monopolized maritime trade after the disintegration of Alexander’s empire. Among them, the biggest conflict with Rome was Carthage, because at that time Carthage already had many islands in western Italy.

Commercial strongholds and colonies were established on the Mediterranean. Therefore, if Rome wanted to gain the right to speak in the Mediterranean, it must first break through the blockade of Carthage . So the two sides began a war that lasted for more than 100 years between 264 BC and 146 BC.

After three wars, Rome ultimately won because the Romans derided the Carthaginians as “Punic”, so this war for hegemony was called the “Punic War”. During the Second Punic War, the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal in history expedition to Italy. And almost destroyed Rome

However, the Roman general Scipio came up with a move to “encircle Wei and rescue Zhao”. When Hannibal stormed the city of Rome, he crossed the sea and landed in North Africa and advanced on Carthage . Hannibal was recalled urgently , and finally lost to Scipio in the decisive battle of Zama.

This was also the first defeat in Hannibal’s life, and it also marked the end of Carthage’s history. Finally, Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC (the slip of the tongue was BC) and became a province of Rome. While fighting in Rome, Rome also fought three Macedonian wars with Macedonia in the east, a

Syrian war with Seleucus, and completed its conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean. At this point, Rome had achieved dominance in the Mediterranean. It could move sideways in the Mediterranean , and no one dared to say a word. Not only was the Roman war not over

, as the saying goes, where there is oppression, there is resistance. In the areas conquered by Rome, the Romans did not treat these conquered peoples equally , but divided their attitudes towards Rome into different levels and gave them extremely small Power and plundering these conquered peoples as slaves

Caused dissatisfaction in many conquered areas , especially the descendants of the Marsi and Greek colonists on the Italian Peninsula. In 91 BC, other non-Latin people on the Italian Peninsula formed an alliance to oppose Rome also imitated the Roman political system and established the Italian League, so the Confederate War broke out.

At the same time , uprisings against Roman rule broke out in Pontic, Greek city-states and other places in West Asia. In order to deal with this sudden change, it was only the citizen soldiers of Rome that broke out. Unable to cope with so many wars, Marius, who was a soldier, was

Finally elected as consul under the instruction of the Senate. He reformed the Roman military system and established a recruitment system and mercenaries. Soldiers were required to serve for sixteen years and be supported by the state during their service . After retirement, The distribution of land

. This military reform completely changed the republican system of Rome . Before this, Rome would only temporarily gather young people when it needed to fight a war. Food and weapons were also prepared by themselves. After the war, they were disbanded and returned home. Soldiers belonged entirely to the state . This change

Resulted in soldiers becoming professional soldiers who served for sixteen years and were at the disposal of the general at any time . Although this met the needs of the war , at the same time the general’s power also increased, and the army virtually became his personal property

For future generals. Dictatorship created capital conditions , and Marius also invented the regiment system, unified the weapons equipped among different arms, introduced gladiatorial school training methods into military training, strengthened the training of soldiers, and greatly improved military strength. The powerful Roman legions were officially born. Marius’s military reforms

Not only ensured Rome’s victory in the war with the allies , but after the war, its shortcomings also began to appear. The Senate was also worried that Marius’ power would become greater , so in 88 BC, he dismissed Marius from the position of commander

And appointed Su Ra became the consul and commanded the troops to go to West Asia to quell the rebellion of Pontus. Before Sulla’s army left Italy, Marius, who was far away in North Africa, launched a coup through his men who stayed in Rome and ordered Sulla to

Be deposed. Not being a soft persimmon , he immediately led his army to turn around and attack the city of Rome. This was the first time in history for the Romans to fight against the Romans. The two sides fought a civil war for five years. In the end, Sulla defeated Marius.

The victorious Sulla was far more powerful and direct than Marius. Through the strength of his own military power, he established a personal military dictatorship in Rome. After Sulla’s death, the Roman nobles thought that the political power of Rome could be restored to its original state, which was decided by the Senate.

Unfortunately, it happened again at this time. The largest slave uprising in Roman history – the Spartan Rebellion. The story about Sparta has been adapted into many film, television dramas and novels. You may have known about this macho Spartan from film and television dramas. A slave from a famous gladiator academy

Led 70 gladiator slaves to launch a rebellion because they were dissatisfied with the oppression. Unexpectedly, it eventually developed into an uprising army of 120,000 people. The rebel army swept across the entire Italian peninsula, fighting from south to north and from north to south. Countless Roman nobles were defeated. At this time

Of the massacre, the panicked Senate could only entrust power to the military nobles. After suppressing the Spartan uprising , three heroes Pompey, Crassus and Caesar were born on the stage of Roman history . After the war, the three heroes In order to divide the power, they formed a secret alliance

To fight against the Senate. This was the famous “First Three Alliance” in history. Just as the Senate was declining and could no longer threaten their rule, the conflicts between the three began to intensify. In 53 BC, Crane Su died in the Parthian War. In the Parthian War,

Only two heroes were left to confront each other. In the second year after Crassus’ death, Caesar went to Gaul, which is today’s France. After Caesar left with his troops, the Senate fell to Pompey and declared Caesar As a public enemy of Rome, a new civil war broke out.

As a famous military wizard in Western history, Caesar not only had outstanding leadership skills, but also extraordinary strategy and wisdom. The Senate and Pompey could not withstand Caesar’s attack . After Caesar was defeated and fled Egypt, he pursued Pompey . When he reached Egypt, he met the famous Cleopatra VII. After

Caesar completely won the civil war, he was appointed consul for life by the Senate . In fact, he had sole power . At that time, Rome was already a monarchy under the cloak of a republic, but before Caesar had time

To proclaim himself emperor, he was assassinated by the republican faction in the Senate. After Caesar’s death, his generals Antony, Lepidus and Octavian began a new era. As they fought among themselves, the status of the Senate was strengthened. The three had no choice but to suspend their struggle and form an alliance

To jointly fight against the Senate. The fate of the three of them was also the same as the former Three-Head Alliance. The Senate could not threaten them. Their status meant that the alliance would break down sooner or later, and a new round of civil war would begin again.

Among the three of them, Antony, the most powerful, was the most favored. However, Antony had great military exploits and reputation, but lacked political acumen, and was later obsessed with it. Cleopatra was intoxicated with beauty, and the shrewd Octavian controlled the Senate, which was like “holding the emperor to order the princes”.

He first united with Lepidus to defeat Antony’s main force , and then deprived Lepidus of Lepidus through political means. Antony finally completely defeated Antony ‘s military power in 31 BC and conveniently destroyed Ptolemaic Egypt, turning Egypt into a province of Rome. In 27 BC, the Senate gave Octavian the title of “Augustus” and

Officially established the head of state. Since Octavian’s adopted son Tiberius succeeded to the throne, it has been called the Claudian dynasty after Caligula, Claudius, and Nero . It marked the official entry of Rome from the republican era into the imperial era. The first three emperors of the dynasty

Continued to improve the political system of Rome and improve the lives of the Romans. More importantly, they continued to strengthen the power of the emperor and weaken the privileges of the Senate . However, when the fourth emperor Nero ascended the throne, he became a legend in Roman history. The first tyrant

, Nero, was cruel, ferocious, debauched and ignored the government . He even set fire to the city of Rome in order to build a new palace. Nero also charged this crime with the Christians who were forming and growing at that time. He hunted and persecuted Christians wantonly,

So in In the history of Christianity, Nero was portrayed as a devilish figure like Satan. Of course, Nero’s perverse behavior aroused widespread dissatisfaction among all classes in Rome, and revolts began in various places. Even the Guards around him began to declare a crusade against Nero.

In the end, Nero, who betrayed all his relatives and abandoned his family, committed suicide on the outskirts of Rome. The Claudian dynasty ended. After Nero’s death, provincial legions in various places supported the emperor and conquered each other. The era of warlord separatism was formed. The so-called “Era of Four Emperors”

Resulted in the victory of Vespasian, the emperor of the Eastern Provincial Legion. In 69 AD, the Flavian Dynasty was established and the construction of the Roman Colosseum began. However, the Flavian Dynasty lasted only 27 years. After three emperors, they perished . The Senate elected Nerva as emperor and

Started the most prosperous Antony dynasty in Roman history. Because this dynasty had a total of six monarchs, the top five were: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antony, Aurelius was called the Five Wise Emperors of Rome. The second emperor Trajan was known as the “Roman Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.”

During his reign, Trajan actively expanded externally and pushed the territory of Rome to the extreme, starting from Mesopotamia in the east. Potamia extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the British Isles in the north and North Africa in the south. Although the territory is large, it is not durable.

After Hadrian came to the throne, he had to stop external expansion and turn to offense to defend internal affairs . He also built the Great Wall on the northern border and Britain, among which the British Hadrian’s Wall was built during this period

And became the approximate scope and standard of the dividing line between England and Scotland in the future. After the governance of Trajan and Hadrian, Rome ushered in its heyday during the Antoninus period , so this dynasty was also named However, while there was prosperity in Rome, great

Changes were taking place in the eastern and northern grassland areas. That is, because the Huns in the east could not withstand the attack of the Han Dynasty, the northern Huns began to westward. The whip of God was moved all the way from the east to the west. In the late Antoninus Dynasty,

A large number of Germanic barbarians such as the Ostrogoths, Visigoths , Vandals, and Franks in northern Rome began to flee because they could not withstand the invasion of the Huns. Burning, killing , and looting occurred in Rome on the borders of Rome

. Commodus, the last emperor of the Antoninus dynasty, was assassinated because of tyranny. After Rome fell into civil war again , during this period, although the unified Severan dynasty briefly appeared , Rome quickly entered the civil war. The most chaotic period – the “Thirty Tyrants Period”.

Finally, after more than a hundred years of chaos, Diocletian suppressed the civil strife in AD 284 and carried out major reforms in Rome . The system of four emperors was implemented , which divided the entire Roman Empire into two parts. The two governed the eastern part of Rome

And handed over the western part to their good friend Maximian. Both of them called him “Augustus” , and under the two of them, they were each looking for a deputy emperor called “Caesar” to take charge of part of the area.

In addition, in order to solve the problem of the Germanic barbarians, Diocletian also began to reform the military, recruit the barbarians into the army, and implement a recruitment policy for them. However, this policy laid the foundation for the later destruction of Western Rome. After Diocletian and Maximian abdicated,

Rome Another battle for the throne broke out. The last generation of famous emperors – Constantine I won the victory , abolished the four emperors system and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. He named Constantinople New Rome and Constantine In response to the growing Christianity, concessions were made to Christians.

In 313 AD, the Edict of Milan was issued to recognize the legitimacy of Christianity. In 323 AD, the first religious gathering in the history of Christianity was held in Nicaea to unify the interpretation rights of the Bible within Christianity. The “Nicene Creed” has become a doctrine that Christians must abide by.

Due to Constantine’s contribution to Christianity, Constantine was also called the first emperor by Christians. More than 50 years after Constantine’s death, the Roman Emperor Di Theodosius I officially established Christianity as the state religion. From then on, Christian doctrine became the core of the values ​​​​of the European people.

Just like the impact of Chinese Confucianism on Chinese history, it was deeply engraved in the marrow of the mind. Before his death in 395 AD, Theodosius I Rome was split in two and handed over to its two sons. The Roman Empire was divided again

. At this time, there were frequent slave revolts in Western Rome. The external Huns established a foothold in the Po River Basin and established the Hun Empire . And the nightmare of Europe – Attila the Hun The Eastern Roman Empire began to rise. Due to the prosperity of commerce and few slave rebellions

, it could barely resist the invasion of barbarians and Huns. However, Western Rome was under internal and external blows. The last Western Roman Emperor Romulus was defeated by the German barbarians in 476 AD. The mercenary leader Odoacer deposed Western Rome and destroyed

The Germanic barbarians. The Germanic barbarians officially entered the stage of history in Western Europe. The Kingdom of Ostrogoth, the Kingdom of Visigoth, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Frankish Kingdom, etc. Some Germanic countries began to build history on the ruins of Western Rome. It has also entered the Middle Ages

And the only remaining Eastern Roman Empire, which historians call the Byzantine Empire, can only huddle in the border area of ​​Asia and Europe and continue to write the last afterglow of the Roman Empire.