Descubre lo que REALMENTE pasó durante La Caída del Muro de Berlín en este video revelador. Aprende sobre los eventos históricos que llevaron a este momento crucial en la historia mundial. ¡No te lo pierdas! #history #viral #viralvideo #facts #viralvideos #viralreels #historia #histoire #historyfacts #historias #cultura #culturalheritage #culturageneral #documentaries #documental #document #documents #documentario #berlin #alemania #aleman @historiasdelmundo-cy8oe
The fall of the Berlin Wall in German. Maerfall was a popular uprising that occurred in East Berlin, the capital of East Germany, on November 9, 1989, as a result of which the defensive fortifications that separated it from West Berlin, belonging to West Germany, were demolished, along with the historically open border, the separation between the former American, British, and French occupation sectors and the Soviet occupation sector. It is considered one of the transcendent events in world history that marked the end of the Iron Curtain. The fall of the East German border with West Germany took place a few hours later. This event marked the end of the Cold War, which was proclaimed at the Malta Summit three weeks later and led to the reunification of both Germanies less than 11 months later. Background. Opening of the Iron Curtain, the Warburg border crossing between the People’s Republic of Hungary and the German Democratic Republic. The Hungarian government, which was dismantling the communist system, opened the border crossing on September 10, 1989, to allow refugees from the GDR to enter. The latter took advantage of Hungary’s opening to Austria to escape to West Germany. In April 1989, an electric fence that stretched along the Hungarian-Austrian border was dismantled . The opening of the Iron Curtain between Austria and Hungary at the Pan-European Picnic on August 19, 1989, set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an East Germany and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. Among East German vacationers in Hungary, extensive publicity was generated for the planned picnic. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by Otto von Habsburg to test the reaction of the USSR and Mikhail Gorbachev to the opening of the border, tens of thousands of East Germans, informed by the media, headed for Hungary. Eric Honeker, writing in the Daily Mirror about the Pan Europa picnic, stated that Habsburg distributed leaflets in Poland inviting East German tourists to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food, and German marks and then persuaded to come to the West. The East German government did not dare completely close its own borders, while the Soviet Union did not respond at all, adopting the role of an outsider. Thus, the support of the Eastern Bloc was broken. In September of that year, a large number of East German refugees entered Hungary through Czechoslovakia with the approval of the West German embassy in Prague. Immigration was initially tolerated due to extensive agreements with the Czechoslovak government, and free access across their common border was permitted. However, this migration movement was so massive that it caused difficulties for both countries. Political changes in East Germany. Around this time, East Germany was trying to pay off its debts and loans with foreign agents. Egon Crens sent Alexander Shalk Golotkovski to unsuccessfully request a short-term loan from West Germany to pay the interest on other debts. On October 18, 1989, Eric Honeker, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sed) , resigned. Honeker was seriously ill, and those seeking to replace him initially hoped for a biological solution. However , by October, they were convinced that the political and economic situation was very serious. Honiker seized the opportunity and mentioned Kreis resignation before the People’s Chamber (FSmer), the East German parliament, which elected him as its deputy. Although Krenovites introduced reforms in his first public speech, he was considered by the East German people to be a follower of his predecessor’s policies, and public protests demanding his resignation continued. Despite the promise of reforms, public opposition to the government was increase. On November 1, Kren announced the reopening of the border with Czechoslovakia, which had been sealed to prevent the mass flight of East Germans to West Germany. On November 4, the Alexander Platz demonstration took place. On November 6, the Interior Minister published a draft of new travel regulations , which made cosmetic changes to the Honeker-era policy, obscured the approval process, and left access to foreign currency uncertain. The draft enraged citizens and was denounced as complete garbage by West Berlin Mayor Walter Monper. Hundreds of refugees thronged the embassy in Prague and triggered a wave of hatred among Czechoslovaks, who threatened to seal the border between East Germany and Czechoslovakia. On November 7, Kren approved the resignation of Prime Minister Willy Stoff and two-thirds of the political party. However, Kren was unanimously reelected as General Secretary by the Central Committee. New immigration regulations in East Germany. On October 19, Crenz consulted with Gerhard Lauter to draft new immigration regulations. At a meeting of the Politburo on November 7, it was decided to immediately enact part of the new travel regulations aimed at permanent migration. Initially, the Politburo planned to create a border zone crossing an area near Sherding specifically designated for immigration. Bureaucrats from the Interior Ministry and the Stasi would be tasked with drafting a text specifying the creation of this border. However, they concluded that such a project was not feasible and instead drafted a text related to emigration, travel, and temporary stays. This would allow East German citizens to apply for permits to travel abroad without having to meet the requirements previously required for such travel. To simplify matters, the Politbo, led by Crenz, decided on November 9 to allow refugees to leave the country through the crossing points between East and West Germany, including East and West Berlin. Later that same day, the ministry’s administration amended the text, including the return travel of citizens. The regulations were to apply the following day, November 10. The historic press conference on the afternoon of November 9, 1989, that precipitated the events. Gunter Shabovski, seated at the podium, second from the right, before the microphones, along with other East German officials who led the fall of the wall. Ricardo Erman is sitting on the floor of the podium with the table directly behind him. The announcement of the regulations that brought down the wall took place at a one-hour press conference held by Gunter Shabowski, the party boss in East Berlin and spokesman for the SED Politburo, starting at 6 p.m. CET on November 9 and broadcast live on Dolcher France Funk television and GDR radio . Shabowski had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and was not up-to-date on their content. Shortly after the press conference, he was handed a note from Crens announcing the changes, but was not provided with instructions on how to handle such information. The text stipulated that East German citizens could apply for permits without meeting the requirements previously required for those permitted permanent immigration across all borders, including those in East and West Berlin. At 6:53 p.m., near the end of the press conference, Ricardo Herman, correspondent for the Italian news agency ANSA, asked if the November 6 travel bill was a mistake. Shabowski gave a confusing answer stating that it was necessary because West Germany had exhausted its capacity to receive immigrants from East Germany. He then recalled the note he had been given and added that a new law had been drafted to allow permanent immigration at all points in the border. This caused a stir in the room, and amid several questions directed at Shabowski, he expressed surprise at the reporters’ lack of awareness of the news and then began reading the note sent by Crenz. After this, journalists Erman and Peter Brinkman, a reporter for Build Saitung, both sitting in the front row at the press conference, asked when the regulations would take effect. After a couple of seconds of hesitation, Shabowski replied, “As far as I know, it should be implemented immediately, without delay. In German, das street Nahmen Arkentnis and Dasoford Umbertsuglich.” This was apparently an assumed fact based on the introductory paragraph of the note, while Gerhard Bale tried to intercept that in reality this would happen when the Council of Ministers decided when it would take effect. Shabowski proceeded to read this clause, which declared that it would be in effect until the drafting of a law on the matter was approved by the Volzcammer. Crucially, a journalist then asked if the regulations also applied to border crossings in Berlin or East Berlin. Shabowski shrugged and read point three of the note, which confirmed that they did. Following this exchange, Daniel Johnson of The Daily Telegraph asked if such a law was intended for the Berlin Wall. Shabowski sat with a look of doubt and uncertainty before making a rambling statement about the wall being linked to the issue of disarmament in general. Shabowski promptly ended the press conference at 7 p.m. as reporters hurried out of the room. NBC interview. After the press conference, Shabowski sat for an interview with NBC correspondent Tom Brockow, in which he repeated that East Germans would be able to emigrate across the border and the regulations were immediately applicable. DPA report. The news spread immediately. The West German news agency, Deutsch Press agentour DPA , issued a bulletin at 7:4 p.m. announcing that East German citizens would be able to cross the border immediately. Dissemination of the news. When the news broke at the end of Shabowski’s press conference at 7:17 p.m. , West Germany’s second public broadcaster, ZDF, immediately interrupted its regular programming to begin a special news program. Starting at 8:00 p.m., with the start of its regular evening news program, Tague Sho, on West Germany’s first public broadcaster, ARD, news was centralized on ARD like ARD and ZDF. It had broadcast almost everything from East Germany since the late 1950s. Its audience was much higher than that of East German channels, and this fact was already accepted by the East German authorities. Later that evening, on the ARD news program Tag Steamen, anchor Hans Joaquim Fredrichs proclaimed, “This day, November 9th, is a historic day. The GDR has announced that, starting immediately, its borders are open to all. The gates in the wall are open.” In 2009, Erman said that a member of the Central Committee had called him and urged him to ask him about the travel law during a press conference, but Shabowski called it absurd. Herman later repeated this statement in a 2014 interview, admitting that the member in the story was Gunter Pochke, head of the East German News Agency. Crowds flock to the border. After hearing the broadcast, East Germans began crowding into the wall at the six crossing points between East and West Berlin, demanding that border guards immediately comply with the press conference announcement and open the borders immediately. The surprised and overwhelmed guards consulted their superiors. about the problem. At first, they were ordered to find the most aggressive people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special seal that prevented them from returning to East Germany by revoking their citizenship. However, this left thousands of people demanding to be let through, As Chabowski said, Podemos. This fact soon made it clear that none of the East German authorities would take personal responsibility for ordering the use of lethal force. So the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back that crowd of East Germans. Mary Elizarot, in a 2009 story for the Washington Post, called the series of events leading to the fall of the wall an accident, saying that one of the most momentous events of the last century was, in fact, an accident, a semi-comic, bureaucratic error that owes as much to the Western media as to the tides of history. Opening of crossings. Finally, at 10:45 p.m., alternately broadcast as 11:30 p.m., on November 9, 1989, Harald Jager, commander of the Borholmerstrasse border crossing, gave the guards permission to open the crossings and allow access to people with little or no identification. As the Osis crowded around, they were greeted by the Huesis. What? They were waiting for them with flowers and champagne amidst overwhelming joy. Shortly after, a crowd of Berliners jumped over the wall and were soon joined by young people from East Germany. The night of November 9th is known as the night the wall fell. Berliners walk freely through Checkpoint Charlie without any border controls. On November 10th, 1989, Berliners walk freely through Checkpoint Charlie, without any border controls. On November 10th, 1989, the Brandenburg Gate. On November 10th, 1989, the Brandenburg Gate. On November 10th, 1989, juggling on the wall on November 16th, the fall of the wall. November 1989. Celebration at the Lubex Llutup border crossing. Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier. An account by Hein Shefer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the Waltersdorf Rudol Gate opened a couple of hours earlier. This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin before the opening of the Bornholm crossing . Aftermath: Demolition. A segment of the Berlin Wall in Los Angeles at 5900 Wilshire Boulevard. 46-second video. The demolition of the wall began spontaneously at dusk on November 9, 1989, due to the crossing by a group of diplomats, including Spanish ambassadors Alonso Álvarez de Toledo and Merry del Bal, and continued in the following days and weeks. Those who carried it out were nicknamed Maers, or woodpeckers of the wall, who used various tools to remove pieces as souvenirs, demolishing large sections in the process and creating several border crossings. Television coverage of citizens tearing down sections of the Wall on November 9 was soon followed by the East German government, which announced 10 new border crossings, including the historic crossings of Potsdammer Platz, Gliniker Brook, and Bernauer Strasse. Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings, waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to connect roads. While the Wall was officially under control at a decreasing rate, new border crossings continued for some time. While the East German military initially attempted to repair the damage done by the woodpeckers on the Wall, these attempts gradually ceased, and guards became more lax, tolerating the mounting debris and unauthorized border crossings through the gaps. On December 22, 1989, the Brandenburg Gate in the Berlin Wall was opened. On that date, West German President Helmut Cole walked through the gate and was greeted by his East German counterpart, Hans Modro. From December 23, West Germans and West Berliners were allowed visa-free travel. Until then, they could only visit East Germany and East Berlin after applying for a visa several days or weeks in advance. The mandatory exchange of at least 25 German marks of M per day of planned stay made it difficult. Spontaneous visits. Thus, in the weeks between November 9 and December 23, East Germans were able to travel more freely than West Germans. On June 13, 1990, East German border troops officially began dismantling the Wall, starting at Bernauer Strasse and around the Mitte district. From there, demolition continued through Prince Lauerberg, Gesun, Brunen, Heiligenhafen, and throughout Berlin until December 1990. According to border troops’ estimates, the demolition produced a total of 1.7 million tons of construction debris. Unofficially, the demolition of Bornholmer Strasse began because of railway construction work. A total of 300 GDR border guards were involved, and after October 3, 1990, 600 Bundesverkehrs. These were equipped with 175 trucks, 65 cranes, 55 excavators, and 13 bulldozers. Virtually all the roads blocked by the Berlin Wall—all the roads that once connected West and East Berlin— were rebuilt and reopened by August 1, 1990. In Berlin alone, 184 km of Wall, 154 km of border fence, 144 km of signaling systems, and 87 km of barrier ditches were removed. What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial. Several military units dismantled the Berlin and Brandenburg border wall , completing the work in November 1991. In 1990, segments of the wall painted with artistic motifs were auctioned off in Berlin and Monte Carlos. On July 1, 1990, East Germany adopted the West German currency and unilaterally declared the abolition of its border with West Germany. Although the inter-German border had not existed de facto for months, the demolition of the wall was completed in 1990. The fall of the wall marked the first step toward German reunification, which formally concluded just 339 days later, on October 3, 1990, with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state. According to the democratic lines of West Germany’s Basic Law, an East German guard speaks to a Westerner through a hole in the wall. November 1989. An East German guard speaks to a Westerner through a hole in the wall. November 1989. East Berliners cross into the West, near the Brandenburg Gate, on December 1, 1989. East Berliners cross into the West, near the Brandenburg Gate. December 1, 1989. A crane removes a section of the wall near the Brandenburg Gate on December 21, 1989. A crane removes a section of the wall near the Brandenburg Gate on December 21, 1989. Almost all of the remaining sections were quickly chipped away in December 1990. Almost all of the remaining sections were quickly chipped away in December 1990. West Germans watch East German border guards through a hole in the wall. January 5, 1990. West Germans watch East German border guards through a hole in the wall. January 5, 1990. Short section of the Berlin Wall at Potammer Platz, March 2009. Short section of the Berlin Wall at Potammer Platz, March 2009. opposition. In some European capitals at that time, there was deep anxiety about the prospects for a reunified Germany. In September 1989, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to prevent the fall of the wall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it. “We do not want a united Germany. This would lead to a post-war border war, and we cannot allow it, as such a development would undermine the stability of the entire international situation and could endanger our security,” Thatcher told Gorbachev. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, French President François Mitran warned that a Germany could have more territory than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to suffer the consequences. Celebrations. On September 12 In November 1989, the Berlin Philharmonic gave a free concert for the residents of the GDR. Although the principal conductor was the legendary Claudio Abado, as Carajá had died in July, the direction was entrusted to the Argentine Daniel Barenboim. The program included Beethoven’s Piano Concerto No. 1 and Symphony No. 7, and Mozart’s Cosifut overture. On November 21, 1989, Crosby Steels and Nash performed Graham Nash’s song “Chipping Away” from the 1986 album “Innocent Eyes” in front of the Brandenburg Gate. On December 25, 1989, Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin to celebrate the end of the Berlin Wall, including Barenboim’s Ninth Symphony, “Joy,” with the word “Joy” Freud replaced by “freedom” Fryhe in the sung lyrics. The orchestra and choir came from East and West Germany, as well as the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. On New Year’s Eve 1990, David Hasselhoff performed his song “Looking for Freedom” while standing on a partially destroyed section of the wall. Roger Waters performed Pink Floyd’s album “The Wall” just north of Potsdammer Plats on July 21, 1990, with various guest musicians including Scorpions, You Lamper, The Band, Cineado Conor, Cindy La Thomas Dolby, Johnny Mitchell, Marianne Faithful, Brian Adams, Tim Curry, and Van Morrison. Over the years, there has been debate as to whether November 9 would be a suitable German national holiday. Often initiated by former members of the East German political opposition such as Werner Schulz, in addition to being the emotional high point of the East German Peaceful Revolution, November 9 is also the date of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm Segi and the Declaration of the Bayer Republic, the First German Republic. However, November 9 is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Bloom following the 1848 Revolution in the Habsburg states, the Munich Push of 1923, and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms (Crystal Night) in 1938. Nobel Prize winner Ellie Fassel criticized the initial euphoria, pointing out that they forgot that November 9 had already entered history 51 years earlier, marking the Crystal Night. As reunification was not officially and completely completed until October 3, 1990, that day was ultimately chosen as the Day of German Unity. Celebrating the 20th anniversary. On November 9, 2009, Berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall with a freedom festival attended by dignitaries from around the world for a nighttime celebration around the Brandenburg Gate. A highlight was when more than 1,000 foam dominoes, each over 2.4 m high, stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center, were toppled in stages, converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate. A wall over Berlin was opened on Twitter for users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary. The Chinese government closed access to the wall on Twitter after a large number of Chinese users began using it to protest against the Great Firewall of China. In the United States, the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign under the slogan “Freedom Without Walls” to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The campaign focused on raising awareness about the fall of the Berlin Wall among university students. Students from more than 30 universities participated in Freedom Without Walls events in late 2009. The first-place winner of the Freedom Without Wall Speaking Contest, Robert Cannon, received a free trip to Berlin for 2010. An international project called the Mawe Rece Wall Journey took place in several countries. Beginning in May 2009, 20 symbolic bricks were shipped from Berlin to Korea, Cyprus, Yemen, and other places where daily life is characterized by division and the border experience. In these places, the bricks would become a blank canvas for artists, Intellectuals and young people could address the phenomenon of the wall. To commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the online 3D virtual world Trinity reconstructed a virtual scale section of the Berlin Wall. For the MTV European Music Awards, U2 and Tokyo Hotel performed on November 5, with songs dedicated to and about the Berlin Wall. U2 performed at the Brandenburg Gate, and Tokio Hotel performed “World Behind My Wall.” Palestinians in the town of Calandia, Sis Jordan, tore down sections of the Israeli Sis Jordan barrier in a demonstration marking the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The International Spy Museum in Washington said it hosted a Travan car rally in which 20 Travans were gathered to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Every half hour, rides and a Trab were raffled off. The Travan was the people’s car of East Germany, which many used to leave the GDR after its collapse. The Allied Museum in Berlin’s Dalem district hosted a series of events to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The museum hosted a special exhibition entitled “Wall Patrol, the Western Powers and the Berlin Wall, 1961 and 1990,” which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the inter-German border in the GDR. A sheet of commemorative stamps, titled “Sinderella: Americans in Berlin,” designed by T.H. Hill, author of the novel “Voices Under Berlin,” was presented to the museum by David Guerra, a Berlin veteran and webmaster of the website www.berlinbrigad.com. The stamps splendidly illustrate that even 20 years later, veterans of service in Berlin still consider their service there to be one of the highlights of their lives. Three-year anniversary celebrations. Berlin planned a week-long arts festival from November 4 to 10, 2019, and a city-wide music festival on November 9 to celebrate the three-year anniversary. Open-air exhibitions opened on November 4 at Alexander Platz, the Brandenburg Gate, the Eastide Gallery, the Gethsemane Church, the Kurfurstendam, Schloss Platz, and the former Stasi headquarters in Lichtenberg. Yeah.