Die JRF-Institute Institut für Unterirdische Infrastruktur (IKT), Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung (IWW), Forschungsinstitut für Wasserwirtschaft und Klimazukunft (FIW) und German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) stellten gemeinsam mit KollegInnen aus aller Welt Forschungsarbeiten zum Umgang mit den Extremen der Klimaveränderungen, unter anderem Starkregen und Dürre, vor, wobei sie sowohl einen lokalen (NRW) als auch einen internationalen (GB und das Commonwealth) Fokus setzten. Hierbei konnten die JRF-Mitgliedsinstitute und ihre Forschungspartner Expertise aus unterschiedlichen Gebieten einbringen. Diese reichten von Stadtinfrastruktur und Stadtentwässerung, über Wassermonitoring und Wasseraufbereitung, bis hin zum Umgang mit den Auswirkungen von Klimaveränderungen international und lokal. Das Veranstaltungsformat „Water in an International Context“ hat sich bereits als JRF-Workshopformat etabliert und hat dieses Jahr zum dritten Mal stattgefunden.
In insgesamt 7 Vorträgen und zwei spannenden Diskussionsrunden wurden die aktuellen Forschungsarbeiten zur Klimaveränderung lokal und international mit TeilnehmerInnen vor Ort und online diskutiert.
for e right ladies and gentlemen welcome to this afternoon’s conference with the jrf on the topic of water in an international context my name is Ian nouth I’m a senior resch search fellow here at ikt and I’m going to be joined this afternoon by my colleague ashini OA who in between us we will share the moderating for the event the event is in two parts with a coffee break in the middle to start with we have a series of welcomes of to set to start to set the scene and then we’re going to focus on the North R West failure and the United Kingdom and how climate change is affecting water there but also how there is collaboration between North ran West failure and the uh UK which goes back 75 years or more after the coffee break we go International and we’re going to hear about India and about Africa and what I want you to think about think about how the size of North Ryan West failure is relatively small the size of the UK is relatively small if you take the whole of Europe from Norway down to the Mediterranean from Spain right across the Ukraine it all fits into India and you can take India and you can fit that into Africa many times over so as the afternoon goes on we’re going to be hearing about the bigger and bigger and bigger issue of climate change so without further Ado i’ would like to invite up um Professor Barton who is the chair of the jrf to to welcome us and to uh introduce the [Applause] day okay ladies and gentlemen on behalf of the Yan ra research Society I would like to welcome you to this JF onsite event about water in an international context climate change in Norther West failure Great Britain and the commonwealths a special welcome goes today to our guests from the UK from Kenya Randa and India and as we have a hybride uh conference today I would also like to welcome all the people behind the computer screens first of all uh let me present the JF the research Society of the federal state of North ran West failure so research for society economy politics is our motto so the JF is the umbrella Association of 16 independent nonprofit research institutes with 80 million euros State funding a year we generate round about 124 million annual turnover so this is the best ratio of third party to State funding of all research organiz ation in Germany we have around about 1600 employees of which round about 230 try to achieve the PHD level our institutes are evaluated by an external Agency on a seven-year regular cycle we conduct applied research to face the technological ecological economic and ass sotile challenges of our time the topics of our institutes span a wide range from advanced opto electronics at the am in um two studies on Turkish German relationship at the z z FTE in as nine of our institutes address topics round about to water the institutes are the bridge between seven universities in northr West faia and their target groups all institutes are closely linked to these Target groups our institutes collaborate under four topics the first one is cities in infrastructure so we think about how we can design cities and their infrastructure in view of demographic change and changing demands of the inhabitants the second one is society and digitalization which addresses the opportunities and challenges uh which uh the digital Revolution bring to all areas of our life and we ask the question how can individuals and Society benefit from that the third one is industry and environment so we think about how how we can make production Logistics and Mobility sustainable in Northern W faia and the fourth is globalization and integration so we we we ask how we can shape the impact of globalization at local and Regional level in different parts of the world all these topics address main challenges in a federal state of Germany but we do not live on an island as we all know climate change does not stop at border Norther West faia with 17 million inhabitants is placed in the heart of Europe with a strong focus on industry and Logistics it has numerous interactions with the rest of the world therefore the JF always looks across the borders of the state the theme of today’s JF onsite event water in an international context climate change in Northern West failure Great Britain and the Commonwealth is such a crossb view you as chairman of the JF I’m very happy that four quite different JF institutes Jo have join for forces so we have the I which mainly focuses on underground infrastructure we have got the fiw which is working on climate and water research we have the idos working on International political Affairs and the iww which is mainly focusing on drinking water supply so these four institutes work together on a series of events today it’s the Third Edition for the first time open to the public before we start I would especially like to thank our host the JF Institute ITI for the hospitality and the ministry of Science and culture for of the federal state of Northern vest faia for the financing of this event now I wish you all interesting presentations and fruitful discussions with our scientists and of course all of us a successful F fight against the global climate change thank you very much and I’d now like to invite her vanc the managing director of ikt to come and welcome as to the day thank you very much Ian uh ladies and gentlemen it’s uh my special pleasure and honor to have you all here at I institute for underground infrastructure such a such a nice uh turnout and uh I’m sure there are many many more people online who are watching this uh very important conference uh which is now very short uh by the end of this year a year which we know has been U very very challenging in in many respects uh we got when it because climate change the large and very important worldwide conference which takes place uh exactly these days and it’s fing its end so uh climate change and water are very very important topics topics which are also um of our interest research interest we’ve been we’ve been doing research as ik in this field for many many years now uh we are when it comes to underground infrastructure to sewer infrastructure the foremost uh part um the leading Institute uh not only here North ofest faia we’re proud to be here of course but we’re we’re also working outside of northest faia jwi and of course on International level um as you will see from the presentations also which uh which are coming today um so great you’re here looking very much forward to all the presentations looking very much forward to discussions that’s most important thing we have to talk to each other we got people from from many many different countries we got people from lots of different different faculties here let’s talk together let’s find out what we have found out in our research let’s talk and find out what has to be done in the future that’s why we are here and I’m looking very much forward to it thank you very much and it gives me pleasure to invite Professor Kinley from the ministry to come and speak she’s recently taken up the post of head of research for the Department um in the ministry of culture and science Professor hello everybody Dear Professor Barton de Mr vanik Dear Professor bosam ladies and gentlemen today’s successful scientists simply don’t do boundaries for years even decades we as the science and research Community got the view that boundaries became more and more irrelevant boundaries between disciplines between applied and fundamental research between nation states were not helpful at all so many of us were pretty surprised that morning of 24th June of 2016 when we learned of the brexit referendum outcome in the United Kingdom it was hard to believe that the people in Britain had voted in favor of leaving the European Union on top to of the political and economic impact and let’s not talk about that today the science and research communities on each side of the channel were like now what bre it was a game changer no way about that a lot of things became more complicated from the researchers point of view one thing was clear this newly formed Gap the new political and administrative franer between the United Kingdom and the European Union must not lead to research communities turning away from each other and partnership suffering to a retreat in to a kind of Splendid isolation today we are back on the right track combined efforts have managed to prevent a brexit induced collapse of cooperation in the science and research research sector in northr and West failure too we have done much to help alleviate the adverse effect of brexit f furthermore we don’t challenge the dec Decades of Friendship with Britain today’s event which we as the ministry of culture and science Northern West failure are happily funding is a small contribution to this context and emphasizes the relevance of exchange it is also designed to send a message that frenches and boundaries cannot stop science and research Partners from the UK and Northern vest failure are working together to realize today’s conference here we are taking up intensifying and reporting a range of current joint projects and cooperations talking about climate change in general and water in particular be it becomes soon clear that this goes beyond UK and Germany as already mentioned before with that in mind we are Keen to extend our Focus to India Kenia the entire African continent and indeed the global level the jrf is particularly good it’s overcoming the borders that once existed within the science Community a case in point is the cooperation of research institutes across various disciplines four institutions Professor Barton already mentioned them worked together and have different person perspectives on the topic of water earlier events dealing with the subject involved even more institutions whether the subject is water global warming anything that matter you always get the best solution when you have several parties looking at the problem from different perspectives with each putting in their expertise that is what makes this conference so valuable and it’s is a key success factor of jrf in general when various institutes Under the Umbrella work together to solve a range of research challenges I would like to thank the people in jrf for their effort in organizing this event thank you very much last but not least I would like to come to another pair of approaches that was seen as opposite a boundary theory and practice from the point of view of Applied research this boundary has now more gaps than ever before the jrf and its institutions were with their focus on application show show that theory and practice are no longer on opposite sides but need to work hand in hand to resolve real world challenges today’s conference to centers on Hands-On problems to address them all stakeholders must work across disciplines to discuss and hopefully resolve them this addresses both interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity dear members of jrf we often talk about you as a roof for North Ryan West faia applied research institutions and whilst this is certainly true anyone who has ever built a house knows that a roof alone is not an end in itself it is about what is underneath and even like ours here today consistently emphasizes what is also highlighted by the evaluations of the institutions uh that take place on a regular basis you mentioned it before jrf is a highly valued roof for Applied research excellence and to exchange and cooperation across boundaries ladies and gentlemen to close I would like to say some personal words as some of you might know I’m the head of the research department at Ministry of culture and science Northern West failure for a little more than one month before I was member of universities and Research Institute inutes for nearly 13 years the last 14 years uh I worked as a professor for business informatics at the Dortmund University of applied sciences and arts there I was a researcher as well as a member of the rectorate for eight years first for research and later on for digitalization given this history I am familiar with the requirements and challenges of proper applied research even as I switched recently into this new role I will definitely support applied research from the other side of the table so this is my first yrf event and I am definitely looking forward to get to know all of you at least over the time of 90 institutions here in Norther West failure so let’s work together to take the jrf to the next level thank [Applause] you yeah the height issues thank you Professor Andrea kenle for your welcome note and your precious words let’s work together for boundaryless reach Church all the best for that I hope we all will contribute to this let us now move on to the first set of panel speakers focusing uh climate change in North R Balia and uh UK as we have separate discussion round for questions and answers uh hold on to your questions we’ll uh get back to you uh for your online speak online participants also uh having said that I would like to take the privilege to invite our very first Speaker of the day my colleague from UK Dr Ian nmi he responsible for international projects here at ikt he chairs not only the UK Society of transs Technology but also Technical and educational committee and C Rehabilitation contact group and UK uh Waters and Railway companies Ian will uh talk today about relations between UK and nway in his first presentation and then he will uh Focus on climate change in water companies and uh actions taken towards U the challenges the floor is yours again so um when I was asked to speak here I it gave me the opportunity to really think about North Rin West failure and the UK very very dear to me I have been uh coming over here for many years now nearly a decade and working on developing the relationships with the UK particularly with the water companies and with the universities so North ran West failure and the United Kingdom we’ve both got mountains we’ve both got low-lying land we’ve got Rivers we have a little bit more sea than you do around the outside and uh when you look at it uh North ran West faia is bigger than any of the regions in the United Kingdom and it is bigger than any one of our large Regional water companies so what goes on here is the equivalent it’s almost the size of Ireland it’s almost the size of Scotland and it fits into the UK about three England about three times so what about the relationship between North Rin West failure and the UK well the first thing that occurred to me with this and it’s not working the present this is not ah that was meant to work the first thing I was thinking about it was very sadly we have lost two important people we have lost Johan asra your President we have lost our Queen but I think they symbolize a relationship between the two countries I also noted that we’ve recently celebrated 75 years of North ran West failure and its relationship with the United Kingdom and I think it’s important very clearly as has already been mentioned UK has left the European Union but it is important to rebuild the friendships and to continue to do joint projects Partnerships and to take the same perspectives and there is this very close bond between our two countries so when I look at it let’s just think about what that relationship extends to there are actually 130 cities in North Rin Westfalia which are twinned with the United Kingdom in fact bokam is twinned with Sheffield and we have Professor Tate here today from the University of Sheffield so this has been developing relationships over many years I think it’s interesting to note that other about 1,500 British companies are active economic active within North Rin West faia and there are some 400 North Rin westfalian companies which are active in the UK 20,000 UK citizens live here and there are some 129,000 employees of British companies who live and work here in North Ryan West failure and so it I reason I mentioned this we talk a lot about research here but one of the purposes of research is to facilitate um technology development and Technology development as well leads to Economic Development so I think we should be clear there are a lot of links between the two and uh finally slightly tongue-in-cheek being as this is a water event we do actually have a joint military unit the only British German military unit that exists it is half British it is half German and it is has all the bridging equipment that the British Army and the German Army have so we can work together in crossing rivers and uh if you’re not aware of it it’s Panza B Pioneer Battalion 130 based in Minden and uh as you can see it has been uh was very popular as a good uh photo shoot for a recent visit by our new king uh with your president what I also realized was that there’s been other develop recent developments at a slightly lower level we have a British German Association and this exists to encourage the twinning between the cities and it encourages the relationships between the UK and Germany it has small staff in the UK and something that has happened in the UK traditionally we’ve had relatively smallish um municipal authorities but over the last DEC apologies I’ve got the wrong way over the last decade or so we’ve produced some much larger ones one of them is the greater Manchester combined Authority now greater Manchester rather like North R West failure is a former traditional Heartland of industry for the UK and for obviously North ran West faia and the rural area uh for Germany and so actually there’s been a partnership agreement that has been reached between the um R band and the gmca the greater manag just a combined Authority and I think that uh the interesting thing here as well it’s about broadening and intensifying the political business educational and civil links this is all in response to brexit by the way apologies for brexit I’m you know uh but maybe there is some hope that we can um move forward on this so this is within North Rin West failure I want to just remind you as well part of my theme here about um research leading to business to Commerce Etc um I don’t know how much you’re aware of made in Germany supported by the federal government it is quite phenomenal how many exhibitions and events across the whole world are you attend where you find a big stand containing German business so they came to the UK last year um to the uh United Kingdom Society of trenchless Technologies biannual um conference and major exhibition and we had about 20 German companies some from North R West faia there and I think what you do need to realize is just how much technology from here is exported in all dire directions last year Roland vanak and I or earlier this year we went down to look at a trenches meeting in Malaysia and there was a made in Germany stand there with another 20 exhibitors and their products are going all the way down into Australia Etc so the sorts of Technologies the sorts of developments that we come up with through the jrf here you know potentially Germany is the still a great export nation and I think this very important that we are aware of that and the link um what we do at ikt a lot of what we do is very sort of practically applied research dealing with what municipalities want and uh need and working with manufacturers it is about coming up with Solutions and for climate change we need a lot of solutions I think there’s a large opportunity for North Ryan West failure within that but um what about the UK now post brexit so couple of encouraging things the first one is that from January the 1st next year the UK is once again officially part of the Horizon Europe research program it means that we are an associate member the UK government is putting funds into Horizon Europe which is then available in the usual shared basis for everybody now we have managed to continue being part of horizon because whilst we were waiting for this agreement the British government has helped to do some funding when we left the EU the British government had a large pot of research money that was no longer going to the EU funds so it was continued to use and to actually help so the likes of of of Sheffield University and others were able to continue to work on International research so we’re officially back we haven’t left and another interesting thing a lot of people in the UK talk about oh we’ve got to get rid of European standards and European rules and we’ve got to have British ones the real it is they can’t because oops I’ve always pressed the wrong button apologies it’s because European and international standards are completely separate from the EU so sen senle who write the en standards you used to seeing D D D um it is a separate organization the UK has never left so we continue to use EU standards and what’s very good is that national standards leads into EU standards leads into International standard I say so standards so back in research and we’re continuing to use all the standards which then regulate how you develop um products and ensure quality and performance um but what about some sort of practical aspects of of why am I standing here in front of you working for ikt in Germany in the UK again it’s not work moving forward could you move my slide forward on I think there’s a still not moving it’ll come in a moment um oh there we go I’ve completely lost it so um what I was going to explain to you is that uh I’m UK base near Oxford and we’ve been developing a relationship with the British war water industry and others for some time now um Professor Simon Tate who is from uh the University of Sheffield um is one of our also one of our partners so the slide which will appear in a minute is going to show you that we are actually together part of a European funded research program it’s called the collaborate uh collaborative Urban Research Laboratories and what has happened is using EU funding um we B together seven institutes from around Europe so Sheffield represents the UK ikt represents Germany we have aoag from Switzerland the University of alborg in Denmark we’ve got the University of araruna down in Spain and we have delaris in the Netherlands and in in France working together on undertaking research which is primarily looking at adaptation to climate change and a whole range of practical activities but particular relating to the issue that we have if we go no it’s going to come in a moment the next slide ah right and if you could click it again does this going to work for me now no okay well that’s where I am and that’s where sheld is okay and uh as and when the slide appears there will be a slide explaining the consort the this collaboration Consortium of urban drainage Labs um what we’ve actually been doing this is a really interesting aspect of it this is something we often oh that’s gone Way Forward um if we could go back one ah it’s working now great okay cud Labs collaborative Urban drainage those are the institutions that have been B together and um we had conduct uh experimentation in our own facilities but we’re not allowed to do it for anybody from our own countries so we have Dutch coming to Germany here we have French people going to the United Kingdom we have Spanish going up to sort of delaris we are the EU is forcing an interesting International collaboration and it’s been particularly useful for us with our relationship with Sheffield another example is that at the moment um we’re doing a research project here on behalf of 10 North Rin valian municipalities and lanoff which is looking how do we extend the Liv the lives of sewers now okay sewers are vitally important for climate change adaptation because if they don’t function they really do exacerbate the issue and the bottom line is that they should operate as designed so the exercise we’re doing is trying to ensure that the existing networks will respond when you have a heavy rainfall event but bringing them all together we’ve actually got now got 10 UK and Irish sewer Network owners involved five belgians seven Australian water agencies and seven Dutch Wastewater Network owners who’ve joined into this project so if I show you in within the UK we’ve got in fact it’s nine from the UK and we’ve got Irish water from Ireland which has stayed in the in the EU of course was not part of brexit um and when we look all together it means we bought together a whole range of countries and by the way Jersey and the a of man are not part of the UK they are British crown dependencies there’s a little bit of France that we still have down here Jersey and out in the North Sea um so these are the partners and as this is a project which is also about or today about the Commonwealth I just like to show you that literally on the other side of the world from us uh we’re managing now to bring in um seven of the water agencies of Australia and we hope that over the next couple of years as we do this research with them helping them to understand how they’re going to keep their sewers open with with lining that we’re going to be able to add a new element to this and the final part of my introduction really we’ve talked about the UK we’ve talked about the um and and North R West failure is the Commonwealth of Nations and it’s probably significant really that today that we are talking about we’ve got India but don’t let’s not forget Pakistan Bangladesh um a whole slew of countries down through southeast Asia down to Australia and New Zealand large parts of Africa the Caribbean the South America and and Canada up here here it’s a voluntary Association let’s remember that and together it covers about onethird of the world’s population English is the language which is spoken and I think the most important thing at the bottom we promote peace and cooperation democracy human rights rule of law and Improvement of lives and Improvement of lives is both economic and social development and essentially you may occasionally read countries get thrown out particularly if it’s felt by the rest of the Commonwealth that they are not Democratic and they can then apply to to to rejoin so this is the Commonwealth I’m very pleased that um in the second part today we are going to be talking about particularly about what is happening with climate change in these areas so that is my brief introduction and I then have a short presentation to introduce to you the climate change in the UK um unfortunately the the speaker that I had in mind was unable to attend so I’ve um done a short introduction to what is happening in the UK with climate change first of all we do need to sort of Define what is the UK and what are we talking about um just to be clear it is very confusing this is the this is great Britain these are the British Islands this is the British Isles which includes Ireland and the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland this little part here and then Ireland of course is a separate sovereign state um but does collaborate quite closely for Fairly obvious reasons with the UK when we look at the UK and water and how it is organized about 35 40 years ago we regionalized water in the UK in public but now P public authorities now private organizations and this did actually lead in some part to the way in which the water framework directive operates at the catchment level this was based upon large river catchments um we do need to be aware that sort of politically legally and for purposes of administration and regulation they are treated slightly separately so we have a separate economic and environmental regulator for water in Northern Ireland there’s a separate one for Scotland Wales does its own to some extent but tends to share as well with England so there are slightly different jurisdictions and if you’re ever looking at the UK as a place to learn about how we do things it is worth remembering that you should perhaps think Scotland Northern Ireland Wales England a bit like North ran West failure as opposed to Saxony and and and other states just looking at England I’ve picked out the fact that we tend to be well organized in the water sector from the perspective of the owners of the networks under water UK and Irish water is an associate of water UK ofwat is the regulator for economy and the environment agency is dealing with all forms of environmental issues the focus though at the moment is very much on two things adaptation to climate change so resilience and changing uh how trying to avoid changing climate by mitigating particularly the emissions and the water industry in the UK has been taking a very strong lead in that if we look at what is going on there’s quite a number of issues and I’ve taken these from an offat document so this is the Environ the economic regulator what they feel are the key issues affecting water within the United Kingdom so the first is the rainfall there are changing patterns it is going to become more difficult to meet demand and we are seeing or going to see more droughts in future when it comes to drainage we are already seeing changing patterns and there’s an increased risk of surface water flooding and of sewer flooding and it’s also contributing to the the problem of sewer overflows when the sewers reach capacity and have to overflow and to pollute Rivers consumption it is expected that in the UK it is going to be getting hotter and we are going to need more water the demand is going to rise and there is already increased comp increasing competition for this and then the the discharge we expect to see in summer lower flows in rivers that is going to affect water quality it is going to mean that we’re going to have to have more potentially carbon intensive treatment in the UK another aspect that’s considered is that on the one hand the rivers may be suffering from too little water on the other hand we may be getting more rain they may be more swollen there may be more material flowing into them there is a perception that actually climate change is going to affect the quality of the water we are abstracting and as a consequence we’re going to have to improve the way we treat water as it comes out of both the ground and out of rivers to put into distribution we’ve already discovered that um the assets that we own the pumping stations the treatment works are becoming very vulnerable we’ve had some very high level uh of of serious issues of sewage pump uh seage treatment works being completely flooded of water abstraction points being completely flooded and that is effect meant locally we couldn’t Supply the services and uh finally um all of this coming together with consumption with flows Etc with changing rainfall um higher temperatures there is going to be far more stress and we’re going we’re having to take a lot more notice of how we deal with our resources if we s to the environment agency so that was the economic regulator and you can see that a lot of what it was concerned about was increasing costs increasing technology requirements what the environment agency is worried about is the flooding what is going to happen to the people so we think a 22% decrease in summer rain and um by the by by the 2080s we’re looking at a doubling of the number of pro properties that will be in the flood plane this is for two reasons on the one hand if there is inappropriate development on the other if we get these changes of more intense rainfall there will be more properties that will be at risk so we think there’s going to be twice as many properties and this then means there’s a whole lot of issues with insurance and what have you um we think that four billion people um and two billion pounds worth of assets are going to be risk of flooding from rivers and seas if climate change goes ahead and um they have been taking this quite seriously with improving the way in which we can predict and forecast so the environment agency um in the last 10 years is actually issued apologies some four million early warning messages sent to homeowners just to warn them that something might be happening what we have done is we’ve produced a Nationwide um flood risk modeling which is now available to anybody you can go online so last week I went to my Village and a town and I looked at the flood risk map this is what is expected could happen if we get heavy rain and what I’m delighted to say is just here is a brand new development 200 houses they thought they were going to build 200 houses here or 400 they were only allowed to build the 200 here and they were were not allowed to build anything there because the national flood plan shows that it is high risk that has been left as green open space for the use of the public what is really changing in the UK as I think here in Germany is the use of sustainable Drainage Systems we’ve had now for 20 years a Suds manual which has been developed unfortunately what has happened is that legislation and responsibilities have fallen behind so although everybody understands these systems it’s still not absolutely clear who is going to be responsible for them but increasingly the water companies have become responsible for them and um I was speaking a couple of weeks ago to um one of the managers from United utilities one of our big companies and she’ just been given a new job she was operations manager for sustainable drainage systems because they had finally realized they had to have a separate operations manager for the conventional sewers and one who’ be responsible and she is now finding herself responsible for everything from Green roofs right down to the to the um surface water sewers going to rivers and she’s starting to think about new ways in which she can maintain and and and structure them and then another thing and we will see this in in a couple of the later presentations in Africa and elsewhere is that there’s a big Focus now in the UK on the development of natural flood Management Systems a curious recent development Professor we understand you have to leave so that’s okay an interesting uh recent development with covid during covid the British public discovered swimming in rivers and also as a result of swimming in rivers the British public discovered that they contained sewage now I’m I’m shocked I thought everybody was taught this at school but they weren’t there’s an awful lot of people who are totally outraged to have discovered that what they flush down the toilet actually goes into the river which means that there’s a risk when they swim and so what we have done what has happened is that um there’s been a huge public um anger particularly about what happens with um this the combined sewer overflows when sewers and treatment works discharge and actually what has now happened is that the water companies have now started to issue in real time updates on which of their discharges are discharging when they shouldn’t in red here this is the temps water area which are behaving okay and which are a bit dodgy and we’re looking almost to the stage now where it would be possible for somebody who wants to go swimming to actually decide uh um by going online how safe it is but what this has meant is there’s a huge focus on combined sewer overflows and it’s realized that most of our combined sewer overflows discharged because of uh they discharge unnecessarily because they’re not properly maintained and this has become a huge Focus it’s a large part of what is happening at the moment the England and Wales water companies currently every five years they have to um submit their plans they’ve submitted their recent plans for the next 5 years between them they want to spend n 96 billion investment to start to address combined sewer overflows and also other aspects of climate change they want to invest in 10 new reservoirs they want to create some transfer schemes of water they want to reduce leakage from water pipes by 28% they want to remove phosphate from Rivers they want to cut um about 140,000 sewage spills a year and there’s 11 billion being put into these storm overflows they want to construct Wetlands so that’s how we adapt as regards to mitigation the water companies of England have became the first industry in the world to pledge zero carbon by 2030 there is a plan available on the water UK website they want to save water as much as possible so that they reduce how much they’ve got to treat they moving into reenable renewable energy generation they want to deliver greater Energy Efficiency and this includes things like reducing the number of miles driven by their staff they’re starting to produce a lot of energy and they want to export it they’re replacing Vehicles they’re tackling emissions from each of their processes planting trees habitats natural solutions they realize they can’t do everything by 2030 so they’re now working out what they can’t do how can they offset it and there is an element to this as well which is how do they deliver this one thing they are very conscious of it’s a very it’s a nice thing to say we’re going to do all this mitigation but they have got to protect customers so they’ve got to make sure they achieve it at low cost they’ve realized they need to make sure they leaders are actually properly empowered to deliver it it’s got to be urgent they want to do it simultaneously by BR the water industry simultaneously they can they can do all English regions um they’re producing an annual emissions report which can be found and they’re also investing in developing the skills and the people needed but they can’t do it on their own so they want the British government to come up with an economy-wide transition they want the British government to prioritize carbon and innovation in net zero and actually they would like to do all these nature-based Solutions but there are a few legal or responsibility issues that might hinder that which they need to address so that was my brief introduction to what is happening in the UK and climate change and I just want to remind us of one thing um obviously two years ago there was a very tragic incident here of storm Bernard and actually storm Bernard first hit London and caused extensive flooding across London before it moved on and caused such Devastation in Netherlands Belgium and uh here in Germany so we are subject to the same influences thank [Applause] you thank you y okay thank you y for your impressive insights from post uh post brexit and especially your uh flood risk modeling plan that has been implemented I would now like to invite our next speaker of the day Professor Dr Simon Tate from the University of schael he is the head of various research projects with uh focus on Urban drainage and sustainable Drainage Systems over to you okay uh thanks very much for the invitation um my name is Simon Tate I work at the University of Sheffield Ian was very kind to actually show everyone where Sheffield is because normally when I go overseas and say that I come from Sheffield everybody looks a bit blank as to where it actually come from we’re one of the largest engineering faculties in the UK uh and uh we do have a strong focus on uh what engineering and Water Management particularly in an urban context and I think of my slides are back to front if we’ve got the final observations first so let’s see if we can go back a bit shall we okay so one of our earlier speakers said that science is no longer done in in individual disciplines so what I want to try and give you as a perspective in the UK and there’s lot happening in terms of urban Water Management in the UK so I want to take a particular Focus it’s not going to be on flooding it’s going to be on our combined sewer overflows the reason I want to use that is I think it’s a very good example of how politics climate change and Technology all collide together and maybe the solutions that are going to be adopted may not seem to be the most logical but they come from this C Collision of politicians the awareness of the public and a changing climate to give you some background in context because I think that’s important in 1990 water companies were set up in the UK so we went from democratically elected Regional water authorities to privatized companies that would deliver uh all our water services including drainage the reason for this was the government at the time didn’t want taxpayers to invest in our water infrastructure it had to be done by private companies who would go to the markets and borrow money to invest in our assets so in the UK for our water services we don’t pay taxes understand in the UK that the word tax is a very unpopular word so all our water services in the UK are funded by charges not taxes yeah so our customers pay charges they don’t pay tax all water companies are monopolies and because of that they’re heavily regulated so Ian talked about two of the The Regulators that are important of what so the Water Service regulation Authority and they’re an economic regulator under significant political pressure they’re supposed to be independent but uh the government gives them very strong hints as to where the economics of the industry should go the environment agency is there to protect the environment it’s also a regulator of water companies there’s also a drinking water inspectorate they’re quite small but those are the three Regulators that that regulate our water companies water companies have responsibilities they get their funding from customer charges and Bor and they’re supposed to uh meet those responsibilities so water companies in the UK have a license a 25e license they’re to provide water services so water supply sanitation and drainage within a defined geographical area and these tend to align with river basins um licenses for 25 years but within that 25e period they have regulated fiveyear Asset Management periods so every five years they have to submit a management and investment plan to offat the economic regulator and the economic regulator decides whether that investment plan is adequate for them to meet their responsibilities and off what determins how much water companies can charge their customers for the services they provide so at the moment we’re in uh moving into 2024 which is the final year of a fiveyear Asset Management period the next one starts in 2025 so the companies have just submitted their draft investment plans for the next Asset Management period at the moment water company Engineers are supplying offw with lots and lots of questions about their investment plan they’ll find out sometime next year between April and September as to whether their plans have been accepted or not and then they move into 2025 with a five-year investment plan this is very important for companies uh and it has weaknesses so typically companies used to get a certain percentage above the retailed price index yeah so when we’re in a situation of low stable inflation water companies were a licensed to print money you would get maybe. 5.8% above inflation and you’d run an infrastructure system you’d have to improve it deal with climate change reduce pollution but it was quite a stable envir government this 5year Asset Management period the charges were determined in 2019 so we now have gone into a period where energy costs have tripled remember water companies use 3% of the UK’s energy um inflation staff wages have gone up but the amount they can charge their customers was decided in 2019 so there are one or two water companies in the UK that are under severe Financial pressure at the moment they also have to effect uh maintain an effective public sewage and drainage system throughout their area of operation and and we’ll come back to this to give you some idea of the water companies as Ian said there are 10 in England they manage round about 600,000 kmers of buried pipes and that’s what you would take to be your public sewers but they also have to manage the connection from the public sewer to people’s property and that was added not this amp period but the previous one basically from political pressure government thought it would be a good idea that water company should be responsible for all connections from the public sewer system to a person’s property that was mainly due to political pressure as well so this is a very early study and I want to try and give you a chronology of climate change in the UK so basically climate change adaptation uh knowledge in the UK we have our Central uh Met Office who do the large uh climate change modeling both in terms of the global models and the regional climate models and they’ve had about three epochs if you can think of that we had our uh one they published a lot of data in 28 and that tended to be CL climate change predictions on a very large scale we’ve had more in 2018 which was much smaller scale but the Met Office adopted an approach of uncertainty so they provided us with ensembles of predictions that you could then uh take in terms of uh climate change prediction we’ve just had another recent set of uh climate change modeling results and they’ve gone away from ensemble probabil I IC uh predictions to predicting on scenarios emission scenarios and at much smaller scale so the Met Office has produced H climate change predictions up to 2080 uh on uh A reduced 12.5 uh kilm square and 2 km Square so they’ve gone from probabilistic type predictions to a scenario based and quite a harsh scenario but giving us much smaller scale predictions which is useful for the water industry because all our Urban drainage systems are of the scale of a few square kilometers and that’s driven our different changes in the way that we predict rainfall impacts on Urban Drainage Systems so this is a very early study 2018 and what we had here is from the Met Office we they didn’t really think about rainfall intensity or frequency so all that we we were able to do was to take design storms so statistically based design storms and uplift the volume of rainfall within that design storm so this was a an early study where we looked at a it was a a location in West Yorkshire so we we took a hydrodynamic Model A runoff model I combined it with a sewer Network model and we looked at what came out of this model for various design storms and what would come out of our combined sewer overflows so this column here was if we had no climate change and with the existing rainfall we looked at the existing rainfall and uh now it’s 2020 I don’t think we’ve ever gone back to see if our predictions were correct but uh This was done in 2007 so it gives us a 10 15 year uh extension uh so you can see that the what comes out of the the system for various design storms and what comes out of the CSO uh also increases as well well we also looked at increasing urbanization and saw that it had round about the same impact as climate change so in terms of uh urbanization planning uh it has about the same size of impact as climate change over this 15-year period we also played about with the models and said well what happens if we clean the system more bit better operation Could you actually recover uh uh this increase and by enhanced operation we didn’t want to build lots of new assets you found that you could recover uh to some extent what we would predict both from urbanization and from climate change so from this individual study we went uh the government uh commissioned a nationwide study that looked at lots and lots of systems throughout the UK and their future imp impact and that fed into one of the asset management periods to the next one that allowed water companies to justify more investment and increase their customer charges wasn’t quite sure what the the audience would be but I want to try and give you some idea of a typical system in the UK now in the UK we’ve made a lot of progress with flooding there was a big focus on flooding for two amp periods and we’ve cut the number of houses that are flooded from uh sewer and drainage networks from several tens of thousands down to a few hundred and that’s involved lots of investment changes in practice over 10 to 15E period what we’re focusing on now are overflows so most systems in the UK historically would drain into a river in the 70s and 80s we put large Interceptor sewers that were parallel with the the natural River in a valley and they would have combined sewer overflows into the river we added additional storage to reduce the frequency uh in the 80s and ’90s and we were left with a system that flood risk was managed reasonably uh low but overflows into the river were unknown our models said it was okay but uh what actually happened was people didn’t really know the other thing that happened was that water companies there used to be a a sort of Justice sort of management system in the UK where you were fined if you broke the law but you would be fined for the damage you caused so if the water company did get caught and the damage was relatively modest they would get a small fine that changed in 2014 and the the the Department of Justice the ministry of Justice said that the fines people paid should also reflect the ability of the organization to pay that fine water companies are quite large organizations with quite a lot of resources which meant that even if you had a a relatively modest impact on the environment you paid a large fine so this one up here is a water company in the UK so uh it was a a a spill from a manhole into a a site of scientific uh special scientific interest so the impact was relatively large uh they were quite guilty because this had happened a few times and they were fined just under a million pounds for that so that started to concentrate people’s minds so we started to improve our combined Sur overflow so that’s uh an existing one so basically you have a throttle here if you’ve too much flow going down it’s over the two uh side wees and then into the water course we fitted screens in in most of our overflows but what was actually coming out or how often these operated was really quite unknown there was a government Minister called Richard benan who in 2013 stood up in Parliament and said I think it’s a good idea that water companies know how their systems operate why aren’t these overflows uh monitored which of course the water companies fell over there was no hint of this at all it’s one of these things government Minister stands up he says I think it’s a good idea so they had to do it um about 16,000 overflows in the UK and they spent 10 years uh installing event duration monitors so monitors that will tell you the start of the spill and end of The Spill doesn’t tell you the volume but it’s the start and the end the other thing about these monitors is um it’s a large program 700 several hundred million pounds to install what it was agreed at the start was that the water companies would just report an annual return so how many hours your uh overflow was spilling and that was made public now we’re starting to move uh into uh making this data much more open and this is another thing that’s changed politically in the UK is the wish of the public to see more data so this is uh yeah this is the environment department’s website this is from last year so this gives you event duration monitoring storm overflows annual returns so for 16,000 of these overflows you can go to the government Ministry download all the data and you get each overflow where it is how many times it’s spilled and the hours that it’s spilled in that year this is changing next year what you’ll get is you will get each overflow when it starts when it stops for every overflow in the country so it was great for the last two or three years we’ve got lots and lots of uh um newspaper articles saying this overflow spilling 6,000 hours a year and some of them were no they weren’t spilling occasionally they were spilling 100 days a year 50 days a year some were like 200 days a year it was almost they were operating all the time so definitely illegally so this open data even if it was quite limited really started a political debate in the UK as to you know you needed these uh emergency valves to reduce flooding but was this acceptable the other good thing about this data is um NOS pick it up so the government data is in big spreadsheets you download it and if you’re a scientist like me it’s great you can do a bit of M lab on it and a bit of analysis but you get lots of environmental NOS they pick this data up and they’ve got clever people so this is a website from an NGO called the reverse trust so they’ve taken all this data they’ve got nice infog Graphics so people can click on the CSO next to where they live uh and it tells you when in the year how often this overflow spilled so this is a good one 255 times a year uh for almost 6,000 hours so this really got the public debate going so you can see almost this this was 20120 so they hadn’t quite got all the storm overflows how many spills per year half a million 3.5 million hours that these things were operating so this really put a lot of political pressure on from the public and really increased public engagement in thinking about environmental regulation nobody discussed this before right not only in the UK this is a website from Brussels so again looks at it so it led to what was known as the environment act so the environment Act is not protect the environment but also people’s enjoyment of the environment and water was one of the key areas in the environment Act it required uh water companies to have drainage and Waste Water Management plans for the first time and it also introduced this storm water overflow discharge reduction plan and I’ll look at that in a bit more detail it also required water companies to monitor the water quality upstream and downstream of all their overflows and that’s going to happen over the next 15 years so it was developed from an Evidence project so evidence-based policy development uh we used lots of existing Network models cting of interventions were based on historical data and these allowed us to develop targets for this overflow reduction um right so what we did is lots of existing data was collected into a database and this allowed us to predict how many overflow low as we thought would happen both now and at 2050 because this is a 30-year program uh what the damage would be you know in terms of uh dilution and mixing and also what potentially the impact on public health would be this report was published and there was a debate about what the future plans should be and this all came from this visibility of the number of overflows that have been gathered from this monitored data so this is what was expected from the modeling uh this is the number of overflows that have more than zero spills in 2020 interesting thing to look at is a lot of them are in the west of the country in the north very very few in the South water companies here have about half the overflows in the country that require attention and about 25% of the customers this just looks at the dilution ratios so again again the impact on rivers and this is the impact on bathing Waters is is really quite different so this modeling uh gave some idea of which overflows would need to be uh uh done um in this case the uplifts we applied were much more uh sorry oh sorry uh the uh uplifts we used were more sophisticated we were using the data from the 2020 climate models so uh they’re still quite pragmatic but we were taking the changes in rainfall intensity and volume at quite small uh spatial areas they were slightly aggregated up to the water company area but we’re now starting to account for rainfall intensity and frequency in terms of the climate change predictions rather than just an increase in volume we looked at a a rain a river flow reduction of about 3 and a half% that’s quite coarse but there’s new work continuing with the environment agency so we had these new predictions up until 2050 in terms of spills impact in terms of water quality and dilution and impact on public health so probably the key thing here was this graph here I’ll explain it this is about estimated capital expenditure for four different options F0 is no spills at all so Network enhancement natural based solutions to have no spills F5 is five per year F10 10 and F20 allows 20 per year so remember these are only supposed to operate in heavy rainfall so it’s your definition of heavy um if you look at F0 and F5 there significantly more expensive than F10 and F20 the maintenance expenditure for all these options was round about the same W was just enhancing the existing sewer and drainage networks so bigger pipes more storage S10 was 10% uh green infrastructure 90% existing enhancement s50 was a half and half uh between green infrastructure and uh enhancing your natural your existing system in the end the pragmatic political decision was to go for F10 so our policy now is that overflow should not operate more than 10 times a year the split here um to start with the options that were modeled were W you know entirely gray infrastructure and a 50/50 SPL of green and gray when these results came out another modeling study was to do an S10 because it was unexpected that the cost and carbon emissions of the green infrastructure would be so high so policy now is F10 because the difference in cost between F10 and F20 is is is not too big but it’s certainly much bigger between F5 and F10 so so there’s no science between uh F10 the decision on F10 it’s a political decision yeah so only operate in what’s now defined as heavy rain so it’s 10 spills it’s a pragmatic decision but there is an encouragement for green infrastructure even though it’s more expensive and more carbon intensive because of the other benefits that it brings again that’s a political decision we protect the environment with these uh and also public health so maybe some final observations regarding this policy we used existing models and data um there are uncertainty in the models but you’re projecting 30 years into the future it’s what we have at the moment there were simplified Assessments in terms of Environmental Protection and dilution uh but this adoption of this policy estimate is60 billion over over a 30-year period remember this is60 billion the privatized water companies can go to offat and say we need this money to implement this policy so the money will be provided because it’s a statutory requirement time scale is long so the good thing about that is you want to make sure that your detailed regulations are not so strict that you allow for Innovation and change over that 30-year period um I’ll leave this one out because I think I’m running out of time what I was wanting to say about this one is we also work with the rail industry Al as the water industry they’re going through the same pathway they’re about 10 years behind the water industry so they are just starting at the moment to work out what the impact of climate change is on their assets and with the rail industry if you get water over the top of your railway lines the trains can’t go that’s the failure there so they are starting to do the modeling to work out the impact of climate change on their assets and they’re starting to build an adaptation plan so the final observations about the UK are utilities are heavily regulated and that means they’re heavily influenced by political decisions and climate change adaptation both the rate and Water Industries have these five or six years planning periods but they also require 25 year strategic plans flood risk is not the only target environmental and public health are also becoming important so with the railways they’re still on the flood risk pathway the water industry has moved from the flood risks now onto the environmental and public protection the really interesting thing in the story I think is this open monitored data because that has driven the public debate nobody discussed overflows until about five years ago yeah until the data came out and people were horrified that these things were operating hundreds of days a year hundreds of thousands of hours per year and that drove the political debate and that produced new legislation and new policy everything’s pragmatic pragmatic climate change predictions and pragmatic public decisions about investment whether we went for F5 F10 or F20 it was a political decision but the evidence was there to inform the political debate for people to make decisions um different approaches you enhance your network green infrastructure all of different time scales and different costs but all really are a part of a package to deal with long-term climate change and there’s always the poten for Innovation on the time scales we we operate at thank you thank you Professor trade for your engaging presentation yes there’s a cost you pay there are circumstances that you have to face when you opt to be open and uh nevertheless uh new ideas pop up inviting our next speaker here Dr Tim from I he heads the Department of Water Resource Management over to you thank you for the kind introduction ladies and gentlemen thank you for having me today and uh I our partner City in mulheim where iww is located is Darlington so um we also have an UK twinning City and we’re quite happy about that yeah my name is tamasic um I work at iww focusing on Water Resources management and I was also um head of the working group at Water Europe of water and climate so I’ve worked together with for example ch um Center for Ecology hydrology and Wallingford and in England um quite closely together but today um going to not talk about Europe a lot but we will focus on Germany and also on North failure today so when you look at um drinking water supply North Brin West failure um you can see the numbers here where where is our drinking water coming from and basically you can see that we have uh groundwater is the most important Source here with um 47% but at the same time if you look at rivers lakes reservoirs and also Bank F trade and managed AC recharge which is also surface water influence um then you see that that this is um in a similar range so basically we have um half full water coming from surface um influence water the other half from groundwater so that that is important to keep in mind when we also want to look uh at climate change because what I going to show you next is that climate change is affecting these Water Resources quite differently and it has been affecting these qu these water sources already in the past so I first would like to start to show you a little bit what happens um the last couple of years so how has been the impact so far and what do scenarios and and climate modeling and so on show for the future what we can do expect so um if if you look um first into surface waters which as I showed you are quite important for drinking water um then you if you look in the number of days where we had summer low flows and these numbers have been increasing over the last um yeah 50 60 years easily so from from 18 in in 50s to 80s to um yeah nearly 29 now so that that has been a large increase and this impacts um our water quality um also not only the water quantity for example here we have the the river H we are in the hit area and um in this area um we use lots of of um surface water from the ru as um especially um as Bank fit trate and um you can imagine that we have many many wastewater treatment plants and combined sewer overflows um which um you know end up in the river Ru and sometimes with less than 1 kilometer Downstream from that we have our raw water uptake for drinking water production um and we also go swimming in the ru we also had a project where we made it possible to go swimming again um by creating like a green light red light um system um so which is installed there um at the river so that you can actually see if you if it should be possible to swim now based on bacterial concentrations but so what I want to show you here is that the number of of low flows the number of days of low flows has has an impact um also on water quality enhance on on drinking water so water treatment I was already mentioned is is then impacted as well so we need to to rethink about how can we treat our our surface in in influenced raw water um now the the next graph is unfortunately not from North Rand West failure because they don’t have these fancy um graphs um but this is a map or a graph rather um from the state of hassa which is right around the corner which is um bordering North R failure um so we share some groundwater acers so I I dare to to use their data um which is which is um quite up to date and what you can see here are groundwater levels so these are all the groundwater um Wells they have basically where they where they have data on and what you can see here from January 2018 to last month October 23 uh how on average um the groundwater levels have been developing um since especially since we had this this major drought in 2018 19 and 20 and red means that um ground levels were very low compared um to the previous times um yellow means low um and then the rest is normal or high and very high and what you can see here that that these droughts introduced by climate change as well of course um were had a massive impact on the groundwater levels you can see here up for example if you looked at 2022 um that 80% more than 80% of the groundw levels were low or very low so this has huge impacts on drinking water supplies you can imagine um and then if you if you go then further on now to to the last few month you can see that it’s going down again it’s been raining um basically since last two three months a lot so it’s good for groundwater recharge but at the same time if you think about the single rainwater drop how long it will take to reach um the ground water and then within the groundwater the raw water abstraction site so we usually say that for most groundwater Aces we say that use usually takes 20 to 30 years so um then you can imagine that those those groundwater levels that are still low are mainly deep groundwater groundwater Wells because it takes a long time for the recharge and you you can see those um those missing water amounts from the past few years you can still see them um if you look into groundwater levels so what we see here is that we first I showed you the the the surface water that we had issues in the past that we had an increase in in in low water um levels but also ground water that assessment affected so this is already this is already um a fact um for the last decades or now here for at least for the last five years which you can see and then if you look into North Brin with failure again um this has been on the news a lot so unfortunately this is in German only you couldn’t find any um English newspaper reports here but um if if you look at these messages they basically say that that the drought is here and we’re afraid of the next big drought and um anyway Northwest feder is drying out then drinking water is scarse um please don’t use pools anymore fill pools um don’t uh you know use it for a garden don’t you know save your drinking water for other purposes and not not for for pools and and gardening so this has been um in the media a lot and and hence we of course um also the drinking water providers um they got worried of course so that was that’s why we when we now saw this and the problems we had that that also that are now here um we need to look into the future and we’ve already talked about I think Simon already showed us some some data on on climate change scenarios and what you can see here um I think most of you know this already but we basically have have um there are four or five but um usually people tend to two or three um climate chain scenarios the um representative concentration Pathways so the rcps they are quite common um before it it was the es scenarios um so ipcc have been doing that the last 20 years providing all these information and and these scenarios and what you can see here now is RCP 2.6 which is like the the the best solution basically for us the 1.5 degrees um if possible um but I mean honestly if we look at the cop um results from yesterday um it’s uh going to be difficult to stay with RCP 2.6 um and then we have the worst case scenario RCP 8 8.5 the high emissions and then below here you can see the the temperature ranges which globally we would end up um in 2100 so and I will show you now some impacts on water availability and on drinking water demand um or generally water demand based on 2.6 and 8.5 um in the next few slides and this is now a big big graph um let me walk you through it a little bit so we have here um several maps of Germany so this is first Germany um showing the groundwater recharge here and you will always see in the the first um the left upper corner you see the the past 1971 to 2000 so basically that’s what happened um so far and then in the next one you have 2021 to 2050 then 2036 to 65 and 2069 to 20 98 so and in these other Maps so there you can see those white blue colors that are the changes the relative um no the the absolute changes you can see here and um you will notice that on at least for RCP 2.6 that the groundwater recharge is in a similar range as today um where you see those those black lines um this is where um less than 66% of the climate models used here um agree um if we talk about climate models for RCP 2.6 there were um I think 23 climate models used and for the other one RCP 8.5 49 climate models so that’s the biggest climate um impact study we have in Germany using 49 um different climate models this was done by ufz um and they used the mhm hydrological model um for the impact and a 1 kilomet RIT all over Germany and so what you can see here that the the changes um for RCP 2.6 and groundwater recharge are minor but that is um an 30-year average um so first of all it’s a good good message because it shows that um in the end we will probably not end up uh with really scarse condition as some expected but at the same time droughts will increase a lot so we will have like these periods we had now now was 2018 1920 these really dry periods we had lots of problems also with water supply and water availability these um will come again and again and they will increase so we have longer summers um we have longer vegetation periods so the the environment needs more water itself um the um irrigation demand will increase and so on so the water demand will increase and the Summers will get drier and longer and hotter um so about at the same time because we have most of the rainfall in the future based on the predictions um will fall in Winter and winter is the time where the groundw recharge so um that’s why these numbers um do add up even though at the first look you think that’s that that’s not going to happen um but scientifically it it makes it makes sense and then if you look into um rcp8.5 um and then if you focus on the lower right corner um there you will even see an um a stronger increase in groundwater recharge um yeah up to yeah 40 50 mm per year um that’s quite a lot and this is mainly due to that we have more energy um in the atmosphere so 8.5 P to 8.5 um watts per square meter um energy so this is this is um a lot of energy that means we have an an increased hydrological cycle with more rainfall um so that’s also if you have hotter temperatures you have more EV desperation so um that explains it but the the message here is um that groundwater availability or generally um groundwater recharge um should not um be in Decline for a long time at least on average but we will have long periods um with with droughts and and problems so we need to make sure that in the future that the the winter rainfall um that we make sure that that we um you know use it to recharge our groundwater resources and then if we look into um North Rin West failure um here you can see a similar graph now also for RCP 88.5 and um the first graph always is the is basically the near future then the middle one is the future 2041 2070 and the the gray one is 2071 to 2100 and uh here you can also see the groundwater recharges changes and um then these different um names here they depict different um Hydro geological units in North brain V failure so they’re they’re not too important here but what you can see is that we see a similar range as we did in the in the German study so that uh you have changes um of about yeah Z to 20 30 millimeters um so that’s that’s very similar so and this was a completely different um study done with I think 32 or 34 climate models then let’s so that was groundw but I also said that that um surface water is very interesting and and very important for us with in North R failure is 50% and here this is the same model mhm model um same study and here they also because it’s a hydrological model you can also model River runoff and what you can see here is basically now only for RP 8.5 the past um then to 2050 2065 to 2098 and um what you see here in blue for example is the the current state of the the river runoff and then you you can see how it changes in the future and for Eastern Germany um it looks quite well again similar to the study before that especially in Eastern Germany um um rainfall seems Seems to increase and also runoff but if you look into um northr West failure and western western Germany you can see that there are will be decreases this is summer runoff sorry didn’t say that that summer runoff um so and you can’t see it probably too well in in the last rows but um most of of the the western parts um are red um so what we increase where we um expect a further um decrease in in summer runoff so that will have impacts again on drinking water supply drinking water quality but also on Transportation Cooling and so on so that was um an introduction to to water availability um now let’s talk a little bit about water demand so we can also see that we have um changes in water demands so if we look into domestic we see um that showers pooled Gardens um use lots of water especially during summer so usually we we use 128 lit per um per day and capita um in Germany but in summer this this increases um agriculture especially in summer we have the irrigation demands for the industry we have the cooling demands and energy Productions in summer but also ecology demands more water so summer is a hot spot and if you if you look at um the total um numbers then you can see that that energy takes up most of the the water in Germany but also the the households domestic demand is 22% manufacturing 24 irrigation is only 1.3 but these are old numbers this is much higher now and then we um started a research project which was just finished uh it’s called what demand and um here we looked into what use scenarios for all these sectors are mentioned and if you I’m not going to into details but we found in the end that that there were six parameters that drive one demand um for these different uh this is not for households and we produced different scenarios and I want to show you now the impact of summer days and population um but they they have an impact on water demand in the future so here are the the number of summer days and uh here you can see once again that especially RCP 8.5 um if if you look into that last picture you can see that the number of summer days um inre increases a lot hereby yeah 40 to 50 more summer days in the future so that that is um quite a lot um that is more than we already have in most of the the regions and the second driver is population and um this is the the upper scenario this nuts three level um this is a European um data set and this shows you for the 4001 districts we have in cities we have in Germany it shows you the PO current population and the future changes this is this is basically the upper scenario which says that in 201100 we end up with um 83 million people which we are currently so um the lowest one would say we go down to 65 but you can see that there are some changes even though we stay with the same number of population but the changes are there cities will gain more people rural areas will lose some people um so we have some some um changes within Germany so and then if you look into now the result this is the water demand um for 2100 or also for the other time series um and uh here you can see that that if you combine both data sets which I just showed you that um there is a large increase especially in big cities in Germany predicted for the future but also in those where population stays the same we see an increase and that is depending on on climate change so this this has a huge impact and we can see that the total increase is 4.1 billion cubic meters per year um yeah I’m not going to talk about irrigation a lot um but uh we’ve seen in the study also um done by Partners who modeled this is that um the irrigated area will increase by effected 2.7 and if you look at irrigation water demand it will increase by 2.85 so um increases by 1.2 up to 1.2 billion cubic meters it says so this is this is quite um a lot of of water that’s needed in the future so this is my last slide um the summary so what’s the take-home message from today so we see that that we have um long-term averages of groundwater recharge that will be similar to today that’s what what the graph I showed you because of the increase in Winter precipitation but at the same time so don’t don’t take this easily but because at the same time it it will get we will get many many problems in the summer times and we will get droughts like we had in the last couple of years we will have an increase in Surf Water low surface water low water levels this also will cause lots of problems um generally an increase in the extreme events floods droughts is expected and um we see that water demand for domestic and irrigation purposes increasing especially locally so some areas will get more problems and um those areas like Berlin or Frankfurt already now have problems so this this will further increase and water use conflicts between the different sectors will increase as as well and in the end um there are multiple effects for drinking water supply you know you need you need new drawing rights usually that you have them for 30 40 years but you need more water so you need new rights which is not easy now um because of the conflicts of water quality impacts a lot now um which I mentioned and you have impacts on infrastructure um for example um you need for the distribution Network and so on you have different temperatures you you need um you have higher daily usages in summer so you have some you have some some big problems coming out so water suppliers in the end need to reevaluate uh the strategies and you know think about resiliences and how to improve their systems and um this is a big task for us but not only for us but I think in the UK um you will have them as well thank you so much thank you Dr Tim a for your astonishing facts and figures about water uh water demand and uh problems because of migration from rural areas to cities and the uh groundwater table recharge facts thank you so much let’s move on to the next uh program uh let’s have a small discussion and that for that I would like to invite our panel of speakers onto the DI uh Dr I nit and Dr Simon Tate yeah up for the questions [Music] gentlemen do we have questions from online participants Miss FS yeah please I start um so thank you very much for the presentation very interesting I I was really impressed by the data um that the UK utilities now gather on the numbers of uh of uh combined St overflows and you presented how the public is using this data I’m very much interested how is the utility using this data data to manage their systems that would be very interesting okay um um the data has been used by the utilities in a number of ways uh the utilities are required to have uh sewer Network models of all their major sewer networks so these were calibrated many years ago with a very limited data set all of a sudden you now have performance data of how the network actually performs coupled with there’s much better rainfall data from our met office now so previously models would have been calibrated with two or three measured rainfall events we now have almost continuous rainfall data for the whole of the UK at 1 kilm square so we can run models not in real time but with fairly realistic data with real system performance data so companies can now check to see how good their models actually are the environment agency is using this data to prosecute companies so I think they now have 800 live investigations against overflows that don’t appear to perform with regard to their legal permit and they’re estimating as they go forward they’ll probably have another 800 investigations next year as well and and just to add to that um one of the water companies I was talking to recently expects it’s going to need to Triple that’s multiply by three the amount of work it does on rehabilitating its sewers in order to try to deal with this they see it as an exercise they’ve got to do Upstream from each one of the Cs the combined sewer overflows they’ve got to understand it and they’ve got to invest in improvements can I maybe say one other thing about data it’s not a static process so with the the invent duration monitoring data you’ve gone from annual returns to now the companies will do returns almost in real time so again there’s a a water UK Water Project looking at developing realtime databases for event duration monitoring so you’ll be able to to see in real time what it’s actually doing the other thing I didn’t talk about was the the discharge reduction plan has three aspects one’s this heavy rainfall which is the 10 spills a year there’s also an aspect on water quality so companies are now going to be required to uh monitor people of Stop Believing in well pop models shall we say so to monitor four water quality parameters upstream and downstream of every permitted overflow discharge uh and that data has to be reported in real time so within an hour so there is a uh the the program for installing the monitors goes up until 2045 so again they won’t have to probably install it at every overflow because some are quite close but you’re probably looking at thousands and thousands of locations with upstream and downstream water quality monitoring every 15 minutes reported within an hour permanently thank you the next question is from Professor reab baton please okay so uh I would like to talk a little bit about money so last week I was on the conference where we talked about the influence of climate change on our future energy Supply and all the companies were complaining about the uh influence of the government and they all talked about that there is no business case on the climate change so how how should they invest in in power stations and so on if there is not a business case and here I hear again that we need billions of Euros for the infrastructure and where do we get the money is it just taxes charges who’s paying for all this can UK it’s simple there is no tax in the water sector it’s all customer charges and it will come in the 5-year plan you know if companies are required to do something through legislation that’s seen as a Justified investment because the legislation’s gone through Parliament that’s what people have voted for if you know it it it’ll come in a customer charge and’ve done some modeling as to what the impact will be and the customer charges will go up to meet this investment question uh how much increase of these charges would you expect if I see the if you want to invest billions into the infrastructure just for the overflows it’s about estimated at 60 billion over about 30 years so two or three billion a year I can’t remember what it is on each customer’s bill I can find out the number it’s it’s relatively modest because it’s split over a large number of people over a large number of years um what I should say as well is this is a b these are business plans which have been submitted to the office of water they are now considering them and we will find out sometime next year what their decision is so whilst there’s an awful lot of people who are manufacturers of water quality monitoring equipment for rivers and people who can fix sewers who are waiting with fingers crossed to see if the ministry if the offat regulator will say yes or the government will blink and say oh no we cannot afford it but you know we also possibly have a change of government next year so we have plans there are have been costed as you say they’ve been costed the evidence is there to justify it but there is still a regulatory political decision to be made about how much extra people must pay but it will be relatively small extra amount every year we are looking to for 30 years to pay for this can I maybe give you an insight into how these plans are developed so effectively there are big spreadsheets with various sorts of objectives and there are two types of objectives an objective that’s a statutory one to meet legislation and they will based on historical practice they are almost always funded okay there’s an interesting negotiation at the moment because you have a a statutory objective in the plan and the water company has to estimate what it’s going to cost and the negotiation there is on the estimated cost not on whether it will be funded or not there are also Parts in their plan that are non-statutory now water companies can try and provide evidence to the economic regulator that their customers wish that objective to be met so one of the things uh in this area area might be monitoring of coastal bathing Waters it’s not a statutory requirement but a number of water companies are arguing that their customer base are expecting them to do it so they’ll put a cost in their investment plan in that and if they argument that their customers want this you know evidence of surveys or whatever else uh particularly water companies with large Coastal communities you know they’re tourists and everything else so they want Coastal monitoring even though it’s not a statut requirement and again they estimate the cost and if the economic regulator is convinced by that non-statutory business case they will be funded for that and it goes into the customer charge of course but that’s that’s the way the system operates it is very important that the water companies must show that the customers actually want they ask for customers what they want but then the customer obviously has to pay and that is where the regulator comes in and to try to decide what what will happen thank you very much uh are there any further questions yeah thank you very much for the presentation especially from the UK um I’m just wondering is there any measures uh to reduce the consumption of water of course there is a market measure pricing is there uh you know pricing indirectly regulate the water consumption but is there any other restrictive measures taken by the government on this direction and the question for Tim is um know you you nicely showed the water supply and demand but does it also include this is the does this model also include the bottled water supply suppliers in Germany No Okay um so one of the things about the UK is that the water companies have had an obligation going back many years now to reduce the per capita consumption by one liter per person per day per year excluding beer yeah so the the what has happened there is that they might put in some measure um to reduce it which could be it could be anything from encouraging people to use less water to changing the way they shower and bath um washing machines with less water all these things it all adds up so they might be able to get five lers in average in one year that means they don’t have to bother for the next five years because they it’s a cumulative effect but we’re trying to drive down steadily one liter per person per day per year has been an ongoing exercise how that is achieved is up to the water companies how they do it let me quickly respond to the the question regarding the bottled water um so they’re indirectly affected um because in in Germany we um mostly use tap water because it’s it’s very often tested it’s really high quality and you can always drink it so people rely on that um but if you drink um bottled water I mean they are affected that they also have have drawing rights for example to you know use ground water for example and fill it into bottles and they also have um sometimes no problems to get the drawing rights because the water use conflicts there was a big case in Northern Germany lunber where Coca-Cola for example is producing bottled water so um there were some some conflicts and this is expected to increase in the future as well thank you for the questions please thank you very much I have a question for Dr AER bake um very interesting presentation and I saw there’s actually like a shifting of balance there’s now more rainfall in Winter and drier periods in summer so we need to rebalance take measures to hold this water what are these measures that what can we do yeah that’s a really good question and that’s currently what we’re discussing about a lot so we had the National Water dialogue and in Germany and um I was there for all the meetings and it was very intense um intense discussions but in in the end um we we need multiple strategies there not this one solution so we we need Technical Solutions of course you know like like reservoirs and so on to to keep the water you know in in the area but also you need to um you know you need to increase um infiltration capacities so you can do that for example naturally that you have these this um uh if if you do agriculture for example um that that water stays after rainfall for some more time on the soil that it doesn’t run off or drain um or leave the area via drainage so that the water is more time to infiltrate so then there is this managed Aquifer recharge so that you use this water you keep this water also and then you infiltrate it into your groundwater to to raise your groundwater levels um but there are so many so many options um that are available and I think we we need them all um you know wherever there are um sufficient in in specific areas there’s not one solution for all but but I think there are SOL Solutions and many many um areas already have ideas how to implement them and then I have a follow-up question because in the beginning uh the your ministry Minister talked about No Boundaries uh I’m myself from the Netherlands and I know that that measures taken in Germany have influence on on the river levels in the Netherlands so is there also International collaboration on this these measures yeah I think I think on all levels um so we have it in a in a research-based level we have corporations of course we have the interre projects um which are usually among different countries um and there are many I know regarding water between Netherlands and Germany um but also the states are working closely together state of North R is failure um and also the drinking water providers were closely together so um I think they even though the systems might be different um but uh I’m I’m I’m confident um that this already helps and this will improve the situation in the future as well um we have a online participant Salma and she posted a question to you uh she asks I would like to know more about water supply systems in an ourway are the public or private who decides on the domestic water pricing are there basic rights to access and to what limit many questions but but they’re good ones um yeah um basically the water price if we start with the water price um it’s um it’s different um to the UK because it’s also we also have tax um for example but usually the water price depends on on the local conditions so if you have a you know a difficult water raw water to treat um then then it will be more expensive so the water price varies um within Germany also locally it can can vary um for example now we have um some water providers have now big problems with pasas um you know the PID accolate substances and um now they need to invest a lot into um their their drinking water treatment and now the prices increased from I think it was1 120 to2 euros per per um cubic meter so um there has been um a big increase and um in the future we can expect that the price will increase locally but we have you know less less good water quality because of climate change that it will be more difficult to treat different water sources um so that was the first part of the question what what was the other question sorry uh are the okay yeah are the water supply systems private or public and uh what are the basic rights to access and to what limit so they they are um not private so you have water um supply companies that are usually um not in in fully private hands like for example like Coca-Cola mentioned they would not be able to run the water supply for example um but um there of course they they they um are important and they also um have to follow specific political and regulation rules so I mentioned the the drawing rights for example so they do not have as much access to um water as they like because they need to apply for drawing rights for example so they need a specific amount of water and they need to every time they need to renew their rights um they need to talk to the government and say now I need 2 million cubic meters more um and then they need to explain why and then if there’s a problem because there’s already less water available then then this will be problematic and this is currently a big issue in Germany okay thank you I think I see no further questions oh sorry extremely sorry thank you sorry so s is a is a conference on onw and nrw and UK and the common worth I’d like to know from a panel how did brexit affect the water industry in UK okay as a personal view um I don’t think we’d have had the environment Act without brexit I think it was the government showing that they were going to have some UK legislation to protect the environment because it went through Parliament like a rocket really quickly and to give you an example the water quality requirements to measure four water quality parameters upstream and downstream of uh permitted overflows I don’t think they really thought that through because we’re now in the regulation stage of how you’re actually going to deliver that piece of legislation and it’s not as obvious as you think you know you are asking people to measure four water quality parameters at a high enough frequency to determine environmental impact now the environmental impact is stated the the method of defining environmental impact is stated in the legislation which is quite unusual it’s really quite a detailed piece of legislation for for for legislation it’s not general principles it’s really is politicians showing that they really didn’t uh trust water companies and to some extent they civil servants to produce legislation that would protect the environment so with the water quality uh measurement it’s it’s at the limits of Technology they’re wanting it measured looks like every 15 minutes in near real time and published in near real time so yeah I think it’s a bit probably one of the few benefits of bre brexit actually to contrast it with the European Union it’s revising its Urban Waste Water treatment director just now and it’s still it’s moving there it’s got a pace it will get there in the end but it’s much slower than the environment act in the UK thank you suppose my comment would be that it has made export and import a little bit more difficult and expensive and the free flow of workers people working across the different countries so um I was worried that we would see uh quite a a a reduction in that it hasn’t really been happening I I think we’re still managing to exchange ideas and we’re still managing to exchange staff and to work together and cooperate so I’m hopeful that brexit has not affected us from that respect the the free flow of workers is an interesting one um we in the UK we’ve Al always had a problem with not having sufficient Engineers yeah so when we dealt with flood risk uh in terms of water companies with modeling and everything else a lot of that was done by European Engineers moving to the UK and working in the UK current estimates is we probably need about 1,700 extra hydraulic Engineers able to model and manage systems to meet those 10 spills criteria we don’t have those 1700 so we’re actually having to start to look at additional training additional capacity building to actually meet this program we won’t have the option of getting well-trained European Engineers coming in to help us thank you there’s another question from online participant Dr Osman and he says if due to climate change recharge is going to change then it is also going to affect already designed parameters of existing SE systems if yes then what could be possible consequences was a question regarding sewer systems so what does it affect SE systems already designed parameters of theer systems yeah I mean groundwater processes are usually a bit slower but um if we talk about sewer systems and combined sewer system then we usually talk about heavy rainfall heavy rainfall um events will increase um in the future and they already have increased in in the last decade um so this will also similar to what I mentioned about the the drinking water infrastructure also the Wastewater infrastructure um will need to be um reevaluated to think about you know where do you have which capacities um and as it was mentioned we need to um you know decrease the number of combined SE overflows and especially we need to know better what’s inside there now we look look at maybe bacteria um for example but also um if we for example it’s if it’s an urban area you have lots of microplastics in there um but also if it’s an agricultural area of many pesticides in there so we need to think about the areas surface runoff from heavy rainfalls um if it ends up in in Combined SE overflow so goes in diffuse sources to the to the rivers um this will also lead to an decrease in water quality maybe some comments um I talked about the evidence project where they modeled what our companies took as their Network models and modeled current rain for so they came up with about a quart of a million spills um with the EDM monitors it was closer to 400,000 and that’s principally because there was uncertainty in the models but also the models didn’t take into any operational failure so the models run as a system as built that should work you know with operational issues the interesting thing from going from a philosophy for modeling to build infastructure that’s compliant to one where you actually measure the performance is that you know how good are our models our rainfall models that are predicting future rainfall along with our existing infrastructure models and for the first time on a Countrywide basis you’re going to get the answer because there’s going to be sufficient monitoring to get the actual performance of your infrastructure system and not the modeled performance and that’s going to be very interesting as you move forward to to to get to the system performance that you desire rather than the system performance that you predict thank you coffee break I think we head now to the quick coffee break and meet in about 25 minutes thank you [Applause] failure um as I mentioned earlier the next part of this presentation really takes us to start to look at the issues at the world’s scale so um my colleague um ashin Osa she is actually going to be explaining a little bit more about why climate change is happening in India and then we are hearing a little bit more about um parts of Africa about how that change takes place and what I have realized having seen myself previously the presentation that we’ve just had and then the presentations are going to hear I think you’ll be struck by a lot of similarities and actually similarities of an approach which are being taken in some places and what I hope is that by the end of this it will also help all of us to perhaps understand and take a a bit more notice of what is happening with cop 24 to why we need to worry about what is happening worldwide with climate change so I would like to invite my colleague ashini to come and to explain to us what is happening in her home country rather than her adopted country which is here in Germany yeah today I’ll be talking about India climate change and uh certain places specifically two places where uh floods droughts and Avalanches are ought to happen and how climate change is adding to it so that is my focus to understand that we’ll have a quick overview of physical features of India sources of water how rainfall is affected diverted because of these physical features of India yeah so apart from that once I’ve covered these topics we’ll talk about the climate adaptation and mitigation policies that have been planned uh in the upcoming years that have been launched this year and um how uh can we expect the change and how can we Chase net zero yeah so coming to climate change is it addressed in India yes it is of course it is and it is quite alarming issue uh when compared to other countries because on one hand we are developing we need to build infrastructure on the other hand we have to not commit the same mistakes that the developed countri trees have made it’s just that we do not know how differently can we perform what are the key indicators key indicators are are everywhere on networks on news operators we have alarming issues of temperatures raising up we have extreme and unpredictable weather conditions coming up uh just last uh first week of December we have heard Chennai floods and uh we’ll we’ll be talking about that as well and how deserts are getting hotter and how they’re spreading how they are spreading you talk about the diversity of India it’s so huge and hence it’s so challenging to bring about these changes when compared to other developed countries it is not that it is not acting it is not that it is denying there is lag there is definitely lag and we have to understand why is this lag this lag is because environmentalism of the rich worses environmentalism of the poor this this is the fact that we understand we should understand the difference between the approach the developed countries are taking up and approach the developing countries are looking forward so to understand this approach and to understand how huge India is everybody here knows Ian also mentioned I’ve just put a small picture so that you visualize that almost the the Europe is placed on top of India’s map and that huge it is with huge and diversified physical features you name it and we have it you name desert we have it you name uh Snowy Mountains we have it you name plateaus we have it so we have coastal areas so we’ll talk we’ll talk and we’ll understand how the existing droughts and floods are being influenced by climate change yeah so India is called Peninsula to understand in um India in a very uh effective way I remember my geography uh lecturer told me that Imagine India as a person standing like this and then you have it’s called Peninsula because it’s covered with land on one end on top and it is covered with the Arabian Sea here on on the west with Bay of Bengal on the East and you have Indian Ocean in the South we’ll talk about mountains here I’m not talking about um the small mountain ranges I’ll only be talking about huge mountain ranges here we have Himalayas extending from north towards East then you have sorry doesn’t work my dear colleague come please okay so yeah it’s beautifully protected you see here you have mountains on every end you’ve come too far okay yeah after the Himalayan Mountains from North to the east we have arabali ranges here and these arabali ranges separate the desert area from the Western Rajasthan to spreading it over or to the Eastern Rajasthan so naturally our natural features are protecting us from other countries from um the deserts from spreading and when you come further down you have vindya ranges and satpura ranges these ranges divide the northern Peninsula and the southern Peninsula and they for okay you have Western gats here when you talk about Western gats and Himalayan Himalayan Mountains Western gats are more more mature they are older mountains and um they are higher when compared to the Eastern guts that form at the Eastern uh place and the the the peninsula region is tilted towards the east that is why the peninsula rivers that I’ll be talking about in the coming slides flow mostly from the West towards the east they originate in the western GS and then they they flow into the uh uh Bay of Bengal between the Eastern cuts and Western guts you have Dean plateaus they’re very rich in U minerals and iron ore so is chakur plateau and then you have purvanil mountains and these mountain ranges you see that they are from the north to the east between to the west and to the east what happens how how are they contributing to the rainfall um we’ll see uh in the upcoming slides we’ll talk about sources of water sources of water is rainfall mostly we have Monsoon reason uh season unlike um in Germany we don’t have explicit season for rainfall but in India we have three dedicated months where where we have um monsoons or the rainfall and uh we’ll talk about ground groundwater and um let’s see how how is available ability and consumption of water subjective to State you see that India is beautifully covered with oceans and seas and yet we have three months of msons and we have groundwater depleting we have groundwater issues water is being transferred to places to Metro cities through tankers why where have we come why are we at this stage this is the same City Mumbai you see that in localities water is transferred through tankers here and then at the same um end when we talk about climate um Finance climate Justice this is another um irony that houses have water fountains and private swimming pools it’s not a resort or a hotel it’s a it’s a house so yeah it availability of water subjective to finance and to availability let’s understand uh the main source of water uh those are the rivers and how their characteristics are how the drainage patterns are how the erosional laser is and how the basins are when you talk about Himalayan Rivers they are in the youthful stage Himalayas were formed by the tectonic movement of the plateaus and then they were emerged they are very young mountains and they are subject subjected to Avalanches they do not have solid rocks they have soil in between that binds them and when on the North End you have um natural calamities like Cloud burst or you have heavy rainfall because of the heavy rainfall and heavy intensity of the rainfall the soil erosion occurs between these rocks and the bond is lost and then these Himalayan ranges are susceptible to Natural Avalanches Avalanches are ought to happen there and climate change is adding on to it uh how Himalayan ranges are um yeah in their youthful stage and they form deep and v-shaped valleys and theyve uh form deltas and they they have long catchment areas we have three major I’m not talking about tributaries here if we talk it’ll take longer than an hour so we have main uh three Himalayan Rivers here Indus ganas and brahmaputra coming to the other two exceptional Rivers originating in Venda ranges and satpura ranges which flow in the opposite direction towards the west and the Peninsular Rivers which are more mature which form Estes and Deltas which have shallow valleys and have small catchment areas when compared to the Himalayan rivers flow originate from the Western GS and flow into the Eastern uh bay when you talk about rain rainfall and distribution rainfall is seasonal it’s uneven it’s uncertain and we have Southwest monsoons like I told you when the Southwest monsoons we have current yeah we have Southwest currents if you see map of India here with the dark green marking on the coastal areas of the western GS you see heavy rainfall and as the color gets lighter you have very low to no rainfall and you also see in eastern part of India you have highest rainfall region this is because of the Topography of India when the air currents from the bay encounter the uh Western gats you have this orographic rainfall when the currents meet at 90° and then they pour down after the Western Gods you have semi- Aid region um region where clouds cannot be trapped and then they travel the currents travel further along with the clouds and then towards heading towards the east you have a funnel like structure between the mountains and then you you see there a place called cherapunji which has highest rainfall in the world so we have tar desert on the west side and we have highest rainfall recorded in the world on the Eastern side we have Coastal area on the western side and Eastern side and we have Snowy Mountains so so the challenges are different we cannot have one solution for the entire country but we cannot hide behind this we cannot hide always saying we are very populated we have a lot of challenges no we cannot hide but we can be fair here is where climate Justice come comes into picture these are the currents that I was talking about and how they are of coming from the bay and when they hit the Himalayan ranges and come back you have retreating monsoons so Monsoon reason uh season is from July to September and then retreating Monsoon is 2 months after Afters October and SE October and November yeah coming to uh groundwater tables they are depleting they’re depleting drastically and we see a decline of 33 cm per year and um when you see that water utility we have agriculture we have fertile land and 70% of our income is through Agriculture and agriculture means more water demand and when you talk about anthropogenic causes of climate changes I need not talk about these causes it’s same more or less the same in every country and uh when you talk about emissions in India we have four uh equivalents of um carbon uh emissions uh of greenhouse gases we talk about climate change on Water Resources we have have different um water cycle to talk about or to consider we have agriculture sector that means we have Pharma we have bio we have um polluted systems rivers and uh sea war systems so the challenges are even more uh when compared to the previous years yeah now what happens when we have combined effect of natural causes and anthropogenic causes this is our um normal year when we have the trade winds coming from South America towards Australia and India these trade winds are stronger and then they move when they move you find that this micronutrients come up so South America is very good in uh fisheries and then the warmth is all transferred here and then you have precipitation in Australia and India what happens when these currents become stronger when these become stronger then you have the event called Lani everybody must be aware of this when we have strong Trade Winds coming towards then there is even more warmth and then we have floods coming up and when we have the reverse effect L uh Nina Nino then you have exact opposite where it should not be raining here because of the strong um Lina effect you find forest fires and here you find uh that there are floods coming up where there is no rain fall expected and then in India we end up having uh lesser trade winds and lesser currents and then no drop no monsoons and then eventually droughts so the natural calamities along with anthropogenic causes are now we cannot call it climate change anymore we call it climate crisis now so these are the two examples that I was emphasizing on before and after this is the event where karat is a place where we had Cloud burst and avalanches and these are the photographs before and after and this is the picture of Chennai floods which happened just last first week of December this year so Chennai is subjected to floods it is ready for floods but it is not ready for the floods contributed by climate crisis there is where we have to act on and we have to act fast we always talk nowadays about climate mitigation we have cop events coming up we have uh leaders and Ministries talking about mitigation policies but now adaptation has been uh in recent days abandoned kid uh few examples of adaptation strategies in Tamil Nadu uh Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is the only state and the first state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting a mandate for old houses for Huts for new houses for buildings for whatever you name it and it has to have this and now uh Tamil Nadu has this uh implemented this successfully this has been adopted by other states like Rajasthan and Delhi they are um all over India we have sustainable agriculture practices now and multifunctional surfaces and green buildings and many more other um strategies um let’s come back again to mitigation meas measur es um India has promised in cop 15 cop 26 that we’ll um achieve Net Zero by 2070 and now you know the reason how challenging it is and why it is 2070 and not 2030 like other countries and um in order to achieve these uh targets um the Outlook that India has set up sorry is um they have recently on first December this year they have launched uh green credit uh which emphasizes on climate Justice and finance to which uh World Bank World Bank pledges to Aid Agriculture and other stock farming Industries for 18 other countries in 18 upcoming months there are other upcoming interesting projects India they say when life gives you lemons make lemonade so we have desert what we have done with the deserts we have planted biggest solar power Park in tar desert and another Park in Karnataka to fulfill the targets that were promised to achieve by 2030 then you have uh another upcoming and very interesting project is uh this project which is inspired from South Africa sorry Africa um African project called Green create wall of Africa this project is called called aravali green wall project and it is launched this year it has promised which I talked about we are exploiting these mountain ranges this is the aravali range and we are now planning to have this stretch 5 kilomet wide and, 1400 kilm 1400 kilomet is the distance between nway and UK so that distance 5 kilomet wide planted plantations and not relying on government there are few steps taken by individuals and communities uh this is a this is the example that I also uh presented in my University that where there are already droughts no rainfall how will you plant trees so there comes in injection dripping in drought prone zones you have plants here and see sorry yeah you you see that the plants were supported with a 5 L bottle with injection dripping and this was sufficient for one month for the crops to survive and you see the after effect this is the reference point this is the house and then you see before and after 3 years so there are other techniques also awareness is the key for adaptation and mitigation success um in schools there is a practice that the kids while going home they collect water and plant uh use the water for the planted trees in their premises you have different schools for example St Xavier school it’s very popular it has made farming and uh uh such awareness related subjects mandatory in its curriculum so this is where maybe other Ministries can also uh consider this doesn’t come again to the next SL please okay yeah okay there’s another example from City Mumbai Mumbai is known for its monsoons for its SK scapers for its um slums and yet water is being transported through um tankers so there’s a gentleman here 92 years old he has made his Society his building of 22,000 people self- sustainable there is zero waste generated in this building there is they are energy supp they are uh the groundwater recharge is so Surplus that they have recharged their Surplus for next 5 years imagine that every Community every society does this on their own to contribute towards the climate crisis that we are facing they have solar solar panels so they are Surplus in energy to um to the next slide please I think that was it yeah the next slide is about conclusion as uh mentioned by uh Professor Andrea Kinley also that climate change is not going to knock your door ask your nationality ask your address and say yes I’m going to hit you hard no that’s not going to happen we have to work collectively we have to act fast and we have to act effectively that was me thank you [Applause] you thank you very much and we now have the the first of two online presentations so I’m pleased to welcome Dr Manuel Krauss from the fiw who’s going to give us a bit of an update on Smart Water Management in Africa over to my expert team at the back hello everybody can you hear me in the room perfect great so is my presentation shared no it’s not shared yes I should it is shared now head SH now okay just disappeared okay perfect so thank you very much for the friendly introduction have a nice afternoon also from my side I’m currently in the beautiful city of Kigali at the iwa water development conference and exhibition I’m here in Kali to provide in a technical sessions insights of early warning systems and the training sessions is also basing for dering training of trainers teaching curricula which will be integrated in the African Academy for water and sanitation within my role of being head of the regional chapter Africa of German water partnership we are partnering with the African water and sanitation Association and support um the association and the foundation of the academy in the next 15 minutes or so I will give you an overview of the activities of our international cooporation division of the topic of um water reuse and climate Smart Water Management and reflect on what we can take away from that of course it’s not my work alone it is based on a wide variety of projects that we have carried out over the past three years together with our national and international Partners this year in Africa was also te by sever floods also here in Rwanda and already in J January several floods have been recorded this continued over the whole year so getting more resilient to inreased flooding events is one of the major tasks if you have a look at a trout map of Africa you can also see that some parts of Africa are in a drout situation a prolonged prolonged drout situation is happening especially in the mreb states in Northern Africa and also um in Sudan in the past three years we have worked on over 16 projects in 13 countries the majority of which were in Africa this year vagal Botswana and in Kenya were added as new roject countries and we are also able to successfully restart our cooperation with the water authority in Tunisia thematically our projects address the water food energy Nexus with a focus on water the focus is on water infrastructure management water reuse integrated assessment and adaptation to climate impacts of drout and heavy rainfall events looking more closely at Global Trends in food security a recent ipcc report suggests that climate change will adversely affect all four pillars of food security including food availability and access food security would be particularly affected by decline in water availability and also quality and yields are expected to fall by around a third by 2,100 due to changes in temperature and also precipitation overall increasing demand for water in cities is leading to competition between urban and agricultural uses the extent to which waste water can be transformed from a problem to a solution for water and food conf ICT is a very Hot Topic in order to enable the safe reuse of Wastewater in agriculture it is necessary that the pathogens contained in the waste water do not contribute to health hazard in this case you can see the goat that enters the home Garden the measure is clear either we eat the goat or we build a fence around the garden with that we can protect our food the face fence and Wastewater utilization is of course a set of rules that defines the requirements for treatment and application worldwide there are already various National and supranational guidelines for direct water reuse in agriculture the World Health Organization also published guidelines for the safe reuse of Wastewater in agriculture in 2006 in my view this a very practical practicable risk-based approach that enables safe and cost-efficient water use in agriculture we can have a closer look at the climate projections in some of our partner countries you can see that it it is precisely in North Africa and the sahill region the temperatures are expected to rise the most and that Morocco and South Africa will see the greatest decrease in average annual precipitation in our projects we develop solutions for climate adaptations with our partners in our African um project countries and Germany in Cameroon we currently are testing a customized lowcost system um cons low coost um water treatment system consisting of sedimentation trickling filters and downstream slow sand filters to purify domestic waste water we are using plastic Lids from drinking bottles as lowcost filter materials A system that has already been successfully trialed by the University of stutgart in Germany and in Germany and also rried it in Peru there’s no shortage of irrigation water in a tropical country like Cameroon however there’s a lack of cost-effective wastewater treatment systems to prevent epidemics if these systems are associated with a direct benefit acceptance of them may also be increased in South Africa on the other hand um we will not um we are going to start new project where we will use uh treated waste water for further treatment here we not only want to produce irrigation water in the Buffalo City metropolitan region but also enable it to be reused in a pilot plant for industrial purposes for example in a in a plant of mercedesbenz in the Buffalo City metropolitan region the question arises as to what the valuable resources of water should be used for in the event of a trou drinking water irrigation water or industrial use the industrial use is important the region to prevent the migration of essential Industries due to climate change in Tunisia we work with a combination of naturebas solutions and desalination to use um poorly treated waste water for aquaponic systems here the water was used to successfully plant basal to produce fish and also roses and in Ghana together with like um with the rur university in bom also leading by the rural University of bom there was also um Wastewater further treated and reused for agricultural purposes in Kenya um this is where I will work with I’m working with my colleague um b mati u efficient water management is especially important in the aasam Geo Basin and here um uh increased use of water in the Upper Valley can lead to also uh dry out of the river in lower areas in Morocco we are ALS working on how we can get increased yields or the same yields with the with less amount of water and this was achieved with deficit irrigation and the use of hydrochill in test plots and pot trials and feed trials a positive effect was demonstrated in the cultivation of melons and onions in the case of onions approximately constant harvests were achieved with a 50% reductions in any irrigation and the use of hydr Also regarding flooding we are conducting conducting different projects we evaluating how social sensing this is the monitoring of realtime posting on social media platforms like Facebook Twitter or YouTube can contribute to assess flooding extend and also support a post flood EV evaluation on the right side you see some examples from the big flood in Germany in 2021 and of a recent flood in August 2022 in Iran and with this posts you can also post evaluate the causes of flooding and find out maybe if certain structures like Bridges were increasing the extent of the flood in Ghana we develop with Partners a flood early warning system for two catchments one of is the flood early warning system for the sakumono Basin in arra we work together with engineering companies and also with a local municipality and people living um in the catchment area Cameroon we are coordinating a research project where we developed and implemented emergency water supply Concepts including training of trainers installation of treatment plans the development of guidance documents and supporting apps with all these measures of for climate adaptation we always have to be aware also of Mal adaptation for example Wastewater reuse has a potential in Germany of roughly 5% of the yearly precipitation nevertheless we have to keep in mind that we are already using treated waste water indirectly over abstraction of surface waters there are rivers with more than 50% of treated Wastewater in lowf flow conditions therefore the ReUse potential is in some catchments also limited my colleague um Tim a big also presented some data of the ru well r ear before concluding what is a multifaceted is multifaceted as its sources and uses climate Smart Water Management requires a holistic picture of meteorological social and social economic conditions to develop Sustainable Solutions for different levels to holistically increase the water and food Security in Africa or Germany the resilience of individual components must be strength the system is only strong as it weakest link water is finite it if taken from one place it’s missing in another adaptation measures must always consider the entire water cycle in order to assess the consequences of measures and the global Trend towards climate change adaptation has not displace fundamental principles of integrated Water Resources management this I would like to conclude and thank you for your kind attention yes Dr K thank you very much what is what is the time in kagali now is it and it’s 5:00 P p.m 5: p.m oh so so one hour difference thank you very much for coming and joining us uh with a fascinating range of different projects I think this is part of the strength of the jrf is that we are all doing so many different things and it’s important to have events like this to start to realize what we are all doing and then we can look to the Future as to how we can do all this better together thank you very much um so I’d next like to invite um Dr sub Manan to come and give his presentation on um Paradigm Shift changing um challenges in sanitation uh there has been a slight change to the order for technical reasons and to do with our um the final speaker who’s going to be joining us from Kenya after you thank you good afternoon thanks my presentation will be a little bit different from all this because we’ll be focusing more on the sanitation in the global South and uh yes next slides oh sorry yes just to introduce myself um I focus more on the I specialize and focus on the institutions process and decision making arrangements um that shapes water management and its implication on public health and on disasters and events um I have been leading projects in different countries uh and I draw this experience to focus on the sanitation uh paper that I’ll be presenting today and uh prayor to idos I have been working with the Technical University of Munich and at the University of bour yes let me go yes now there is a New Concept that has been circulating across the world in uh to address sanitation it is called Citywide inclusive sanitation it’s been uh promoted by the World Bank and the Gates Foundation milinda and Gates Foundation and it is uh it’s considered to be a significant advancement uh of uh to address the sanitation challenges in urban areas uh this is in contrast to constructing toilets and constructing wastewater treatment plants in many of the global cities in the global South how how does it uh this concept is significant uh it’s it takes into account the full sanitation service chain approach and second it embolizes a mix of Sanitation Technologies in contrast to uh just toilet constructions or a silver based sanitation system um and it focuses in contrast to the earlier almost 60 70 years of interventions by development agencies it gives importance to formal institutional strengthening and this is mer significant and in addition to that IT addresses the working conditions of the informal sanitation workers and the World Bank and the Gates Foundation calls this in order to implement the Citywide inclusive sanitation it requires a significant change in the mindset of various actors and they aim to perfect these principles what we call as a manila principles and scale them and what I call from the theory of mindset is it’s called a fixed mindset approach so you fix certain principles and then you want to scale it up in different countries through a blanket approach uh so this is called a fixed mindset approach among the theory of uh mindsets now uh the tools that the CYS shortly at is is it called is it uses to strengthen institutions is to enable Empower ensure finan ability to accelerate delivery of government institutions to be more specific but if you see in most countries in the global South sanitation is managed or constructed managed and practiced by informal sector it’s almost like 6 to 70 80% of it only those areas where there are wastewater treatment plans and networks that is controlled by the government um and also interesting thing in many countries until recently there are no government departments or Ministries that takes lead in sanitation which means sanitation is a sector that cuts across various departments and various departments takes interest on it and it has taken this logic of Sanitation from the colonial period where uh colera and epidemics were uh growing pandemics that pushed for Hygiene in various countries in the global South and as you see what is happening in general across various countries is households build the toilet um and women play an important role especially in Africa it’s the women who maintain the toilets uh not men not even a male child maintains a toilet and um the waste is cleaned from the toilets is by handled by many informant sanitation workers and they are called either pit workers or truck operators or cleaners and it is they who clean these sanitation in these cities uh and in the global South and there is no any assessment of it uh for as of date but what is the lessons that we have been learning from various um countries while implementing the cwise uh we have a very nice paper which has been uh evaluating some of these uh many cities in the global South are still in the mindset of a sewer based sanitation system and they’ve already taken up policies and legislation in these directions while governments are willing to take up the challenges of mix of Technologies sanitation Technologies I mean uh but there is a do U dominant optic of a Sil based sanitation system to be promoted in these cities of across the global South and uh government wants to explore various formal arrangements to control the informal operations um and here if we want to promote CYS in many of these countries we need a completely a new set of skills and knowledge and training for the development the regulator agencies to handle especially these informal sectors and there are number of cases from Zambia from south Brazil from uh uh Argentina and so on where it shows that uh this is becoming more and more problematic for them to adopt the C principles in practice um and the even the approach by the CWI is to look for a new uh new approach to look for what kind of regulators they need to have are these Regulators economic Regulators no it doesn’t work work in many of these countries so what kind of regulators we need to have now C is also muddling through various sanitation Technologies as I mentioned to you though we they wanted to promote or we wanted to promote a mix of Sanitation technology there is a dominant a dominant optic of a sewer based sanitation system but is sewer based sanitation system relevant to the current cities in the global South and I think in the morning the previous presentation from UK really highlighted some of the challenges of sewer based sanitation system and I think he captured most of the thing but some of the thing that I really want to highlight is this um if you have seen this fat burgs have you noticed or do you are aware of fat burs uh it is also there in Frankfurt I have come across few cases in Frankfurt fat burs but UK is quite nice because it displays these fat bugs in museum so you can also go and see it and fat burgs are something it is because of the way we live in a current world we we consume too much of oil and this oil goes and deposits in the drainage system and it blocks and it needs to be rectified and fat burgs and blockages is a very annual occurrence in UK and we have it’s a huge problem and if you want to see some of the one of the biggest fatb in UK it’s in the museum which is about 250 m in length and 150 metters in breadth and it’s like a huge building it is there so you can watch it and and the other challenge of the sewer based sanitation system towards you know when we start bringing this to the global South is there’s a lot of uh uh pollutants now which even we are not able to treat it in the developed World whether it is AMR antimicrobial resistant pathogens that we talk about or even chemicals we are only talking in terms of researchers we have been identifying these chemical pathogens but not in real terms and even the European Union is struggling to have an uniform regulations on AMR uh so given these challenges whether a sewer based sanitation is relevant to an Indian context or a global South context is becoming a big question now if many countries in the global South cities in the global South go for sewer based sanitation system and you can see this this is one of the massive draining system in Mexico City um it is so big that it was constructed uh at $1.5 million us it is all around 60 kilomet um in at length and it is such a huge task and what is happening going to happen if you’re going to promote silver based sanitation across the cities in global South who are almost like two billion three billion people you’ll be end ending up produ constructing number of subsurface structures and this is just an example of that and there are number of studies illustrating that these sub subsurface structures are going to create an urban heat island underneath and this can cause significant impact on the climate change and also a weakness of the structure are the cities uh you might be seeing in many cities in the global so like China India suddenly there are man not manholes it’s not potholes it’s just a huge deep pit when there is a flood suddenly one huge deep pit comes and it swallows whole buildings and so on and this is just an example of how the underground structures uh can create such um threats and uh consumption of energy us consumes almost 3% of the total energy only on wastewater treatment and if imagine if a developing country starts going for a sewer based system what is going to happen for the energy consumption now there is a growing yeah I wanted to show UK but many of the morning presentations was highlighted about it um but this is very interesting you know the legal spill is possible which um Simon highlighted that they are allowed to spill now only 10 times in a year if it is a heavy rainfall but what I want to show is there is increasing transboundary waste water conflicts taking place and Mexico releases all the waters and us gets affected in the process and they are all struggling and this is going to increase if if we are going to promote sewer based sanitation system in the global South what is important is everyone needs toilet but not everyone needs a fles flush based sanitation system you know that is something um Seas sanitation is unlikely to succeed in the global South and is increasingly very problematic in the global North too but they can address it like the way Simon presented it you know they have the capacity of Finance the human resources to address it but does the global South can handle it or not it’s a big question well what is the solution there are solutions I will come back to that you know there are diverse sanitation Technologies how that can be promoted and so on the uh uh well I want to show this Tokyo’s underground Cathedral I I don’t know whether you have heard about this Cathedral or not it’s one of the big underground structure con structed just below Tokyo yes if oh yeah yes five minutes uh underground structure just to store flood waters imagine this structure that has been constructed and it can store several space shuttles underneath just to give an example now sanitation interventions in the global south or cities in the global South is not a joke it’s very complicated because when you talk about sanitation it is closely linked with housing drainage and uh whatnot you know and what happens is in the global South the space is highly splintered unequal and contested why do I say this is we many cities in the global South still follow the colonial rules of urban planning the colonial acts Public Health acts and why do I bring this I don’t know many of you might be traveling to Africa you can see that you know many places or dadiz you know the cities are categorized as cantonement versus other residents cantonments are areas was historically during the colonial period meant only for the European settlers to protect them from outside interventions outside threats but other residents were not considered in the planning process and that is also an issue so we still in many countries including India they are still following this colonial planning which tries to promote safe orderly Clean Cities but completely ignores the native land uh Native settlers and so on and what makes that happen is because the planning is only for the land that is tenured people who have rights on the land when people who do not have the rights over the land it becomes a problem for to implement the urban planning and if you see at least in some countries like in India it’s bit clear like tenured and and untenured but in countries like Africa the tenure is of different nature owner occupi slum Lords customary land rights it’s very complex to look at the land tenure institutions here if anyone wants to intervene and in uh sanitation in these kind of countries it’s very important to first and foremost to decolonize the space that promotes dichotomy in these kind of a cities yes now the shift in mindsets of the develop no there are so many issues that these cities in the global South are facing and we are still in the fixed growth mindset which is which operates with more of a command control and prescribe approach and that is leading to further failure of sanitation in many countries in the global South and um it’s important to move away from uh this sort of a fixed growth mindset towards a benefit uh mindset benefit mindset is is bit different from the fixed growth mindset which tries to promote uh all well-being it is more highly contextualized in its approach and it promotes decentralization it promotes participation and it helps people as stakeholders to do it in a different way and it doesn’t promote a blanket approach that the international agencies wants to promote uh for sanitation in the global South now what are the Alternatives there are some Alternatives being tested out and being implemented in a quite a large way this community Le total sanitation uh is one way I’m not going into detail how it can be operationalized but there are number of series of things that is been implemented success stories but what is significant about this community Le total sanitation is it promotes Simplicity it promotes adaptability and flexibility of local context towards promoting sanitation in the global South um yes and there are good opportunities to expand this clts to achieve sdgs in many countries of the global South yeah thank you so [Applause] much thank you very much for challenging many assumptions perhaps we have about the solutions to climate change the uh final presentation is from Kenya and I’m uh delighted to welcome Dr bansy Bor mati who’s going to explain to us how solar powered irrigation and rain water harvesting is being developed over there to address the needs of the population hello I think vcy we just have to get the sound sorted yeah oh am I yes yes we can hear and uh I think we we can put her presentation up as well now yeah my presentation will be beamed from there it has failed to upload from my side it’s half arrived now you can see oh it’s yeah have we got half of the presentation here or have we got the whole presentation yeah there there we are uh let thank you the let me say my presentation actually covers Africa it’s has examples from Kenya but I thought uh I didn’t see a full African look and uh I prepared for Africa so it is solar power dation systems rain water harvesting and what Innovations we are doing for climate change adaptation in Africa go next next uh I I give I give a small overview of the water availability and or lack of it in Africa in general Africa has a lot of water but unfortunately it’s in the wrong not in the right places at the right time and in the light like we have the war of Sahara we have Kahari we have Namibia desert so it is spread too much in the some places and too little in others at the same time we have several Lakes like at least 11 16 greater than uh 27 square kilometers we also have high potential for Hydro power and we have a lot of ground water so in in short the water that is in Africa to be Shar equitably can be enough and it’s enough go next next uh at the same time now these are the challenges we have as you can see the more red you are seeing the less there is rainfor so 65% of Africa’s land area is actually dry lands meaning rainfor is less than enough of crop production therefore irrigation will be needed therefore solar power may be needed water harvesting may be needed the rainfall is eratic drops come plants come all the wrong things happen evaporation uh potential evap transpiration or evaporation is very high in dry areas it can be 10 times anual rainfall then we I mentioned about qu distribution of rainfall and then some for9 countries in Africa have recorded increased disasters this is due to climate change droughts and floods especially in the recent past subsaharan Africa itself water availability has been deining because water availability is a function of total available Water by population with as population grows next next slide hello um the ground water resources when you get this presentation you can zoom in and see which country has more than which but actually it is the most there’s enough ground water only again like service water it is in localized places but it has been very poorly developed next uh the irrigation capacity uh is another underdeveloped sector of the land which we could irrigate we have only managed to do 6% and that’s at Africa level of which if you compare with Latin America 14% or Asia 37% so two THS of subsaharan Africa land is found of this most of this irrigation is in madagasca South Africa and Sudan so even in deduct those you find that the contribution of the other countries is very low and maybe that subar including excluding Egypt so uh the average area equipped for irrigation is just 1.5% and then uh potential to increase irrigation is high especially in subsaharan Africa and therefore right now these days we are focusing more on small scale irrigation and because that’s where the majority of the agriculture is happening can we have the next one this a map that compares uh area in Africa the world I don’t have to say much you can see the last tiniest one at the end for subaran Africa we don’t compare very well so we have a lot of work to do let’s go next and also we import a lot of of money next next slide next slide oh is it hanging next okay uh if you can see that slide it shows the disconnect between water availability and its lack that Africa is getting warmer we have these days between 0.1 and one one degree has already happened most of the weather increase the higher temperatures have been recorded in the last decades uh climate related disasters are on the increase and we have statistics to show that they were 85 in the ’90s and between 2000 and recently we have more than 500 so you can see climate change impacts are very strong in Africa from 1970 climate thousand in Africa caused the death of over 730 people and a lot of them usually drown in floods by the way and then clim disasters had an economic loss of 38.5 billion US do so we are bearing the brand of climate change yet Africa is not producing so much and greenhouse gas is go this a nice example I I picked which I like to show about Kilimanjaro is the second highest mountain after Everest uh 1912 those who were going there the Caps were that big as you can see in the top photo the actually the photo on the right I’m the one who took it on one day I was flying through Dar Salam so it even looks worse than this the artist impression of 2002 so and right now like during the dry season that mountain is almost bare so impacts are not we are seeing them in real life go on of climate change more impacts again now I move more into diagrams than maps of crop failures this is last year in Kenya drying Rivers livestock lacking water dying and all that and even flooding like has just happened like two weeks ago go ahead now we move my topics were three one was uh solar one was rain water harvesting so I’ve already captured the first part so now I’m rain water harvesting uh I’m going just to show Mostly photographs of what we do as Innovations here uh most of them are meant for small holder Innovations what po people can afford to do and can do so you have rain water harvesting water conservation irrigation interventions and water for multiple uses let’s go on let’s go on uh for domestic water we these are solutions for the top one is of course B the one which looks like a shop actually is a we call them water kiosk so you you supply water piped water or rain water harvesting but people pay using these modern methods of microchip in certain and they pay through and it’s a long story and also good old traditional water harvesting from tanks so for drinking water interventions I I think we can start with those two then we go on this are interventions more or less for irrigation uh those ts are not enough to do much irrigation so for irrigation on small scale farm again not on large scale farm we have various types and designs of water pants we call them panss or farm pods and they they range from open ones to covered ones like you can see these people who are constructing them this kind of PS became popular when uh UV resistant geomembrane or coverings became available such that people now can collect service runoff and put it somewhere without C page anywhere they want let’s go on next one another different one where the ground allows here and there you can do uh unlined pans like the one you see on your left top you can also take Valley Valley bottoms and do a small we like you can see and then also the the the diagram at the bottom I put an artist or a drawing because subsurface dams to me are the answer rather than S dams but subservice dams once finished you can’t see them they are under the soil so the best way to show how it looks like is to show in a diagram like so let’s go on other types of water harvesting also and various types of tanks and CS from service tanks to geoman tanks to cant tanks shapes sperical shapes rectangular shapes and even the one you see the bottom has fish and and since it has fish it has to be covered so that the fish are not eaten by the birds and also for security and to reduce evaporation so literally all these other structures you are seeing my favorite is the one at the bottom which is a study in baringo in Kenya the tongue is Big it gets half an or .2 of hectare it’s covered so it’s safe for for security and it has a pump a solar pump bringing the water from there to the F let’s go next uh other than water which is St and later used for irrigation there are Al all these other Technologies like conservation agriculture where you do repping what you call ripping like what you see those people doing they dig deep just where they grow the crop saves labor increases infiltration or in R lands you do what you call bed BS uh this is a very degraded land actually the top is in Zambia the lower one is in Ethiopia uh they are rehabilitating a very degraded land where nothing is germinating but once you dig these bed basins they hold water and the seeds that come running in and within a year the land rehabilit let go on uh irrigation uh uh Technologies come in many shapes and sizes so uh what I want you to draw your attention to is good old rice grown in PES we have introduced wetting and drying and system of rice intensification reducing the water used in rice by over 50% converting uh as much as we can a lot of small holders are now doing DP irrigation away from springler and also there are the market now what we call Smart pumps like the one being held over there that is a very is actually a more powerful pump than many large pumps and they’re quite affordable they go very well with solar power because they don’t require a lot of energy to turn let’s go on and then there is always something about uh ecosystem conservation and Rehabilitation of degraded lands and we have so many Technologies in G control and protection go on go on finally I think to to depart from what harvesting we recommend water harvesting for multiple purposes it’s something You’ have to see in my country to understand you have a a water pan or a dam and people are very rural they may not have they carry water home so to make life easy for them you have to provide a watering TR for the livestock you also provide drinking water area and you even provide what you call washing do they come with their clothes they wash their clothes what you are not even seeing there is we even go ahead and add bathrooms and toilets so that they come they take a bath and then that way they you lessen the bden on women on fetching water go ahead so the Solar Power dation Systems uh what I can say go ahead is that I would say we are are not there we are starting to get started uh why uh it is a sector that is quite poorly developed yet you have a lot of sunshine I would say being having been around long ago for for quite some time the earlier Technologies of 201 1990s dis disappointed people they were very expensive they always came in a battery they usually broke down so the fact that solar has come of age in the last 10 years or so most people still don’t know and you get a lot of Skeptics when you want to introduce Sol power dation to Farmers who have let’s say medium to large Farms because they believe it will be a waste of money so we have come from a long way of failures we are not afraid of failures because we learn from failures from dysfunctional genets to community programs where farmers are supposed to contribute money for fuel they don’t then they Bon to to manual yeah so that first slide is showing the problem statement let’s go ahead then here we are now with the solar power delegation here and there uh what you seeing here is a community somewhere ino in Kenya and Below another farmer in machos in Kenya also where by we call this kind of irrigation in another language those who are from irrigation sector Farmland irrigation development farmers are not in a lunch irriation scheme funded by big organization or NGS but they literally use their own Ingenuity to bring water to themselves so they can be in small groups like The Group which is from or they can be an individual farmer sometimes when on the life you seeing a quite a good solar panel with a lunch T and everything this a project supported by world food program so yes with we support from various partners again we are seeing solar starting to make a an entry because solar can be expensive especially if you see the infrastructure on your light go next we also have medium scale uh commercial Farmers these ones some of them can afford to do hybrid I know you are not seeing a solar panel but for this time I I chose to show the unit where this man has a controller he can switch from diesel to petrol to sorry from Petrol to grid electricity and to solar uh so that he can do much larger work to me a hybrid system is still better than nothing let’s go ahead and now finally uh the question I always get is is where in Kenya or where have you seen let’s say Kenya I’m sure in Egypt and other places they there but in Kenya can you see a land scale solar power and irrigation scheme and I I show this slide because this is quite a land scale area and it’s pumping from a b you can see the solar panels then they put the water in what people like to call Aon or a water pan then they later a scheme of 60 hectares with over 200 Farmers all supported by solar so this is solar is doable across skill from Individual to small group from medium to large even with deep Wells like BS which require a lot of of energy it has been done so we can go ahead let’s go ahead uh now there’s a lot of writings here may I quickly just summarize and when you get this you can read slowly that we need to know who when you engaging solar power and you want to move ahead with solar power at the moment at least in my country Kenya it’s very much in the hands of private sector and government playing a very minor role because you need use users who are private sector Farmers suppliers tend to be private sector marketing training policy and then consumers and as well as financiers so it’s not it’s quite in order for the private sector to lead uh we know when private sector leads they lead by market uh Market push and whatever but the problem sometimes is that the poor people get left behind yeah so let’s go to the next if my time is over I not spend a lot of time now as smart solar pumping kit this found in m in Kenya where by either you can have of switching solar like people are in very remote places or one which is operating from a mobile phone and we having those being done in Kenya this particular one is mwen let’s go ahead uh again you can have Innovations in financing I can given time I can explain this more but you can also Google something we call pay as you grow or pay as you go whereby people who are poor are supported through financial institutions to own solar power irrigation kit and whatever they are growing pays for it as they go along so they don’t start with much money and they able to grow sell their their because they pay very little money per day and then they able to get a loan and move on go ahead next one uh this is the second to last then drivers of solar power dation growth we see this to be first and foremost we need these Farmers to know it nowadays works it no longer feels it it used to do it’s no longer as expensive as it needs to do so there’s a lot of lack of information Manuel here knows we did a baseline in Kenya Ino we sbled 150 farmers only three and even those three were not having a full kit and an idea of what is a solar delation yet these are very well and informed Farmers many of them educated so so there’s a lot of work in capacity building and awareness creation then it takes advantage of Enterprise opportunity we we work with farmers who enterprising we find that it is Rel well educated farmers are more respective we see quick returns when used pay as you go the one I was mentioning before funding from from emerging sources should be sought and then we need always solar power goes well with something else like irrigation like water harvesting like Greenhouse like ground water so that it’s battled together and then the approaches engage a farmer as an invest we we go to that farm not expecting a farmer who is used to hand out but a pharmacy as an investor so that’s why we talk loans we don’t talk uh hand outs go ahead I think that’s the last one now this an illustration of the same drivers you can go ahead so the Lessons Learned uh why am I having Lessons Learned this is because I have now I’m on my third study on so power delation in both Kenya and in Africa the first time I did in 2018 another one I did in 2019 and actually 2021 now this is my fourth one so there are lot of Lessons Learned so far that solar power deration is mostly private sector land therefore for for us to move ahead you go wherever the people who are selling it the people who are buying it it’s very private sector Le then again it responds to challenges which are there I tell my people we have finished the river water the water Lots left must be pumped either from ponds lakes or from ground so again it is it is meeting a need whereby if you find farmers are who are you are even used to gravity flow have to you now pump water then the adoption tends to spread laterally it is very easy to do un to many it’s very easy you call a f day you invite people who are selling solar gadgets you have one one or two who are using and in a very short time you can have a good spread we have seen that happen extension services don’t exist you know extension services in Africa are government lad because this is science this is electrical engineering okay this is hydrology so that space has been taken by marketers and middlemen and what are they called these people who sell things salesmen so again salesman can sometimes push what not right for the farmer to make a profit and there is where the D is that’s why sometimes you find skeptical farmers because they have been pushed by mment by by uh te that would their security their condition so we as scientists we come in then in Africa and so in Kenya too we haven’t even mapped anything we have no idea who’s doing what where we don’t know where we should go next so I would really wish we can do some mapping at least in a country or in the world of Africa of where is the demand who is the demand and where is the market then the push P fors will have to be battled that one I said earlier the cost of developing water harvesting is actually higher for for me I can tell you at least in Kenya the water harvesting even diing a b is more expensive than adding the solar so solar is always a land on so again uh it’s expensive we need help in that side because now I can’t work quickly numbers in my head but I’m telling you it’s beyond a simple Farmers afford to afford then the policy push for is no unknown we need even to educate our soal policy makers the sence of it or so and so filed we why fed one another one is working and so on then the lack of awareness among those who would be users and those who would be funding and those who would be making money this a sector that should make everyone reach while you at it thank you I think that’s end can you see the last one oh no oh had a message to investors I thought I okay the same message to investors let me just read the black parts that the farmer gains new knowledge and has to be an investor when you come come seeking an investor that uh the current scenario is purely private sector but we need to drag in policy makers so that we get the right policies a good example in my country Sol renewable energy equipment and zero for import and all that but dri irrigation is not not drip all irrigation pumps what you all pay very very heavy taxes for pumps for what so what’s the use if pumps are going to be so expensive if our policy makers were more sensitive maybe these things could be more affordable then other thing is that spsi government policing gets informed by private initiatives again uh we need informal Partnerships between tech companies M micr Finance farmer institutions and so on we need a high mobile we have in Kenya High mobile penetration and therefore we are easy it’s very easy for us to plug the knowledge C through mobile pushed apps and so on including mobile payments for whatever we want to push as a technology then uh SS SP is said to be the next big thing revolutionizing food production and bring ground water and water storage and let’s also add that once you give a farm solar you have also given them energy so they they are able to do ination they able to watch TV they’re able to do many other things without paying a bill for it so it’s a winwin technology for the home and for the farm uh being ground what have said do something about the high cost of constructing what Happ harvesting uh why should Dum liners be so expensive dring B so expensive so we need to have that so that you bre that technology Gap if I’m not wrong that’s now my last slide can you see the final one yeah so thank you that’s kak in Kenya where they also do solar power delegation thank you thank you very much I think it sort of sums up the fact that there’s so much going on in so many places that we are not actually aware of that are and that I I think what we just heard about the issues of trying to get this solar power accepted in Africa it’s just the same as all the other things we’ve talked about today that we’ve been trying to accept we have um 10 minutes for some questions so if I’d like to ask uh two speakers who spoke earlier to go to the front and uh we can be joined by our online speaker as well um do we have a question concerning Africa or India that we can issue to our panel we have the first one over here yeah my question is in direction of cooperation between let’s say countries which are not very friendly with each other for example I would like to mention Bangladesh and India Bangladesh is really um let’s say endangered to be flooded is there any cooperation between these countries or things thinkings of doing so because um uh currently we had the earthquake in turkey and uh the Greek helped so it improved the relationship is there any Improvement in Africa and India uh cross cross country because we heard we we have no boundaries with this problem who would like to start ashini as far as I know uh there are uh cross boundary relations on Research levels that we have uh in European countries also and uh yeah there there are countries which are helping funding resourcing other uh developing countries like I was talking about the solar uh project that was funded by the French Association so yes we are in a way bonded through other countries to work together and at least at the uh places where calamities come into picture yeah um py did you want to answer for Africa Africa we we have transbound water issues but I think our problem is under development of resources however there’s the famous you know the famous n treat which pre it prevents n countries you know up Upstream from developing their water yeah so something like that but I think the N bu initiative has been working at that otherwise uh I don’t think we have much transboundary water issues enough one Manuel you have any observations on this yes what Ben said I think it’s it’s right so that in the transboundary issues it’s difficult for Corporation but here it’s also an the Ia conference in Gali so there’s the African water and San sanitation Association which is also than connecting the different countries to work on together to build up um different solutions and it’s in the Pro process of um of development but I also did not feel or um encountered any big issues between countries here it was more like we can learn from each other Congo and Rwanda they had the same flood this January so and they here were also then talks about how the Congo can learn from their broes Rwanda did so I think they are on a smaller level also a lot of things going on thank you and yes uh San do you want to it should work if you just hold it to okay um on the question of uh transponder water issues um India and Bangladesh India and Nepal L hundreds of years of experience on transboundary water issues and if you see South Asia India and Pakistan all these countries have a very good U uh track record of uh sharing water when I say track record there is a conflicts but at the same time there are peace um just to give an example for Bangladesh it’s Indo faraka barage act uh we have it for almost for 100 years now and um India has been behaving as a big brother in that region so in a way uh that is how situation is in in South Asia that is the cultural dimensions of it and India and Pakistan have been though there is a political conflict but in terms of water they are very peaceful uh what makes it peaceful is that the the River Basin of indas itself is very clearly demarcated so the conflicts is not much with that yeah so that is and in case of uh sanitation related issues I basically talked about how development interventions yeah yeah from the international agencies has to operate you know not with a command control and prescribe sort of an approach you know make it more decentralized more make it more contextualized try to understand that and don’t go with an optic of a sewer based sanitation system thanks very much I mean that is slightly optimistic because when you hear people talking about climate change one of the things we’re warned about apart from the obvious and the fact that it’s going to affect agriculture let’s say in the people talk about water wars there’s a lot of talk about water wars but I think what we’ve just heard here is actually there is a certain amount of collaboration it is something we have to be aware of um do we have another question one from Simon I really like the concept of Citywide inclusive sanitation uh I’ve never heard of it before but I really really like that do you think that community-based approaches entrench Colonial inequalities in cities that would be my concern I didn’t can you repeat that question or explain it I I like the idea of a Citywide inclusive approach so every part of the city I presume has a similar level of ambition in terms of Sanitation do sort of community-based approaches go against that in that some communities have more capacity to get a better sanitation system that would be my concern yes if you see in cities in many of like Kenya Nairobi or in nakaru or in India Indian cities there’s wide difference like um Posh Apartments rich places uh Apartments have their own insu wastewater treatment plant and then recycling they also have rainwater harvesting system within the apartment complex but that doesn’t exist among the poor communities or informal sectors yes these difference do exist in cities of global South now the challenges is how to make it inclusive so that is a challenge the concept of city-wise inclusive is a very nice concept but how do we operationalize it is a challenge given the changes not only about climate change but the complexities that is existing in that and when you say community centered approach does bring politics no doubt about it it’s politics is part of the human behavior uh but how do we regulate and manage it it’s a challenge so that is the role where the government has to come and even we uh we have been talking about how to facilitate this process is more important than how to regulate the process little difference in that yeah thanks um do we have a final question right I’m going to ask ask um but Bosa Professor Bosa who’s the topic leader for citizen infrastructure of the jrf just to finish up with a few observations on what he has heard this afternoon as I think Bert you’re one of those who needs to implement uh what has been discussed today for jrf yeah thank you Ian and uh also many thanks to you to attend this conf uh many thanks to the speakers for the nice presentations and uh also to the moderators and uh first of all of course to the jrf for having organized this conference thanks a lot yeah topic leader cities and infrastructure it’s a quite wide topic I have to say so but there’s also a lot of competence within jrf to deal with this topic and uh it was very interesting for me to uh to follow the presentations I have to say water is one of them yeah on the one hand major infrastructures within urban areas within the cities but but it’s also a yeah a large impact on infrastructures with regard to climate change and we have to adapt to be resilient against these uh impacts from water from flooding for example so I think that became very clear here from the um from the presentations and U so water is one of the infrastructure areas in a city uh I think has a really a major role next to energy transport telecommunication of course there are also other infrastructures which are quite important yeah with regard to the to the UK that was the UK Commonwealth uh northr West faia that was uh yeah the headline of this uh um uh this event I would say I learned here uh with regard to brexit I learned uh nothing has happened so because we are still in one research area uh even the stand the European standards are still uh implemented in the UK uh but maybe what we can learn is as we now have the UK as a speed example for how to implement things that’s what I’ve learned yeah is maybe also how to accelerate the processes within within the EU I think that could be a good example maybe maybe it was a also a good case for us yeah to to have now the UK as a speed example for how to implement things and to find pragmatic Solutions I always like the UK uh and how the British do it uh to find pragmatic Solutions here in Germany we often uh uh we know how to uh develop regulations very well yeah but how to implement things in a pragmatic way I think we can uh learn a lot from the UK um and I’ve learned I don’t call it texes yeah even if it’s even if the need for money behaves like a text but if it should be called charges yeah I will take this as a as a reminder reminder for future discussions and U that northr West faia and um Germany India Africa you could say with regard to water it’s all over the planet it’s the same issues and uh it’s not so much about Nations it’s more about uh catchment areas yeah so I think from the presentations here from India was quite clear the whole Indian Peninsula was divided into catchment areas and not into subnations so uh I think it’s that’s quite important and something I will um take with me um yeah what else um certainly um looking forward I see this also as a starting point with regard to the topic infrastructure and cities uh in within jrf because water is a very important factor but uh we have already seen uh from the presentations uh of four JF institutes here was ikt was ID F IW iww so was quite yeah were quite interesting presentations and I think it’s a very good starting point um to also include further uh institutes yeah we are not just four institutes the jrf in total are 16 right 16 at the moment yeah still growing so but 16 institutes so there’s a lot of competence also with regard to other infrastructure and City uh topics so not only water but also energy telom communication transport so we can do a lot on all these topics too so I’m looking forward to maybe further events also organized by the JF and supported by the JF so uh yeah thanks a lot for today was really great to have this event here at ikt and I’m looking forward to further events in the future [Applause] thanks um thank you so a couple of things to finish off one is uh we would like to invite the uh the speaker is just for a photograph at the back in front of the made in nrw jrf Banner if you would mind joining us for that um also there are obviously some uh Refreshments now and I think one or two people expressed an interest whilst you’re here in just having a look at the ik um laboratory uh out the back and uh what we will do is uh while we’re having the um Refreshments now if anybody is interested in having a little tour perhaps if they’d like to make themselves known to her vanet and then we can organize um a short walk around for you in uh 10 or 20 minutes time okay thank you all [Applause] [Music]