Time test you guys are you guys the first test on Thursday 8:20 on Thursday you get to see me for a whole hour and 20 minutes that’s 80 minutes with me wow I mean I’m with me all the time so I’m kind of used to it but you guys
Another 30 minutes of that anybody have three tests on any day Tuesday or Thursday I mean who has three tests on Thursday awesome yeah that’s kind of the bad one I have two in then special topics um project anybody have a test on Friday a few I have one who has a test
Tomorrow who has test tomorrow all right so I didn’t get to the Beast or horizontal vertical integration so I cut off a lot I narrowed it down you guys should do great on this you can write pen or pencil on this one second semester though until the AP
Exam everything involving a sentence in pin blue or black pen that you turn it that you turn and but if it’s not a sentence so things are just a phrase or letter you can write in pen P pen pencil got to get used to writing in pen
And pen is it’s easy to write with all right let’s finish up because we got the food monopolies yesterday AKA Friday oh one more thing did you notice it’s kind of cold this weekend did you notice that notic next so sitting inside my wife and I sitting
Inside on on Saturday and it’s like you couldn’t do a lot I mean he was 20 below sitting there and I had a weird flashback of c and sitting inside and not really being able to go anywhere and just kind of stuck inside anyone else have that
That kind of weird like oh this reminds I’m not saying I wouldn’t been doing anything else but sitting at home but it’s nice to have an option it seemed like I really didn’t have an option yeah we end oh we got Alex Grand Bell who invented yeah a bunch of inventions what
Was the first word spoken on a telephone can you hear me and then of course could you come in here place so that’s Grandpa did we get to Christopher schs the typewriter it’s amazing how fast the typewriter took hold in 1867 there’s still I I was looking at
The 14th Amendment it’s still written the official 14th amendment was still written by a scribe within 10 years all the laws are typed that’s how fast it took for the typewriter to take over and here’s one of the first typewriters at a rotating the letters r this rotating um
Cylinder when you type it would push the cylinder into a cloth and an ink on it and press it against and that’s how the original typewriters work and you can really see it better on this next picture this is why we have the weird keyboard not weird
It wasn’t weird then but it’s makes absolutely no sense to keyboard now why would you ever put E and A here where it’s relatively hard to get why yes SL down yeah slow it down and who had whoever played with a old Portable typewriter did anyone just just push
Them all down so she just get stuck yeah yeah slows it down because each of each letter is a little hammer and it comes up forward and that’s why they have letters over here are these letters you don’t use as much if they’re here they get stuck if you use them too
Much I remember in the 1990s they were talking about changing the keyboard and they actually talking about that as early as the 1960s when they started having electronic Hy riters and it just never stuck because everybody learned the keyboard we have now and it’s just
There and my guess is it will be as long as there’s keyboards I had to type a couple papers on on a portable and it’s hard when you’re not playing as you have to type so so let’s get to another biggie this is no particular order of
Innovation I could have done this one first but I just want to do typew but the electric Dynamo Faraday invented this actually about 50 years before the Second Industrial Revolution but this is an electric generator there had been batteries and a couple other methods to make electricity zinc and nickel
Batteries uh static electricity but Faraday was working on his idea was using magnetic power and you can create a magnet by running electrical currents through a wire it it’s it’s magnetic and it dawned on it just like a revelation by using iron filings and noticing this if electricity can create
A magnet can a magnet create electricity so his experiment was in this very easy schemat there’s the old schematic but here’s a little bit easier one to see like a magnet inside an iron core and spun it and that created electricity and it took a while to
Figure out better ways you actually a method using what to use it to transmit the power like for example took about 50 years to figure out copper wire worked better after a lot of different experiments and you know big deal you make electricity if you have nothing to
Use the power for doesn’t do a lot of good but that is his Dynamo is still the main generating power for electricity to this day a brilliant design if you go out to Canyon Ferry and look at the four massive dynamos they have there it’s basically this they’re huge magnets that
Are spun inside iron cylinders now the powerful there is water coal powered ones they heat W or coal powered electric dynamos they heat water the water creates steam the Steam runs through and turns the Dynamo windmills turn to Dynamo that’s all it is it’s AB absolutely remarkably
Easy but how do you transmit the power it’s easy in one of those ways that’s easy after you see it it’s not easy to come up with it’s absolutely brilliant but then it’s like oh gosh it was right in front of us but how do you get the
Power there are two basic methods direct current and alternating current Nikolai Tesla came up with a way of making alternating current Thomas Edison’s lab made it through direct current and Edison would actually go put electricity through its body and power a light bulb that way and the thing was he did know
But there are certain advantages direct current direct current you weren’t tied to a massive system so every house could have a Dynamo in some way and power it right there and that was Edison’s plan every house every building would have its own Dynamo and therefore direct current direct current can cannot go
Long distances but it’s pretty efficient the power A to B alternating current can go long distances and basically what it is is direct current power from source to um source to whatever you’re trying to power boom one straight line alternating current it’s you need basically you need
Two lines connecting at the center point and they shoot a little bit of electricity down one line then down another bang bang bang back and forth speed Al back and forth across two lines have you ever seen it an extension cord has two chords you ever notice that
That’s where power goes brief write down one line speed of light and around the other side and so it’s not a continuous energy but because of that it can go over long distances you don’t have one direct current it’s quick flashes can go longer it goes so fast we didn’t even
Notice it so this is on current it’s not constant electricity but it’s so fast we notice it you plug it in it connected two lines electricity flows now there big advantages to that you could have one Supply or energy Supply Source could power a whole town not just individual dynamos in every
Town economy is a scale of course then again you need a massive infrastructure get to power to people’s homes there’s also one other problem what else is a good conductor besides copper wire for electricity a little bit humans so let’s say you connect the two cords like for example if you try to
Clean out an outlet with a knife you connect the source yes I know people who have done that you connect it and not only a shock it can kill you and that was Edison’s big selling point AC is deadly which it is and so how did he prove
It Topsy the elephant was condemned for murder Edison volunteered to kill toxy I’m not making the up about the condem he was a service elephant she was a c elephant killed a Handler the elephant you know as we all know elephants are prone to murder and what’s
The best way to deter elephant related crime yeah execution so they literally had a trial I am not making this up and they condemned Topsy to death Edison volunteered to kill Topsy with alternating current so here’s poor tosy being let out and they electri tosy took about 10
Minutes oh yeah it was they murdered Topsy an elephant to prove our Danger was but they couldn’t get past the expense and the complication of everybody having their own Dynamo so tosy did not help DC take over and George Westinghouse would take test basic idea to make the alternating
System of a larger Dynamo and once he sold this the efficiency of that outweigh the small dynamos and that idea disappeared 1900 you could see it going away but 1915 very few people had their own self-operating dyn actually that would be probably that’s a pretty good idea for today some kind of
Dy based on wind the solar they tried to make it a Dynamo too and it just was too inefficient so they have different ways of doing that but most is still a Dynamo so West that’s our westing house all combined together and so electricity by a 1895
1900 you would start seeing this in not all homes but a lot of homes not rural areas to the New Deal and now you get Edison because Edison’s invention so much of it was based upon electricity once you have electricity you start building incredible uh Innovation just incredible
Technological change Meno Park was La where his lab was if you worked at Meno Park you signed away the rights to your inventions to Edison so Edison got the copyright Edison got the patent Edison got the Monopoly but he gave you a lab that’s the way most invention is
Done today all virtually all invention is done for corporations and so if you work for a corporation they get whatever you make and they get the profit for it they as an IT the corporation is an entity it so his best known example the lightl and of course the light bul would allow
Production 24 hours a day it would change it would change the factories the two big things would be factories how much it would change Edison did not invent the light bulb per se his lab invented the filament inside that would not immediately snap and so it would glow when you had electricity running
Through it and therefore the light bulb would last longer that’s what he invented that made a light bulb workable the other thing it did is it the the threat of fire went down like a rock makes sense doesn’t it I mean you have less just the basic elements of light was done
By gas light oil light candles Open Flame within 20 years virtually all of that was gone in big cities at least in urban in some urban areas the threat of fire went down dramatically this would begin to revolutionize our life but think about once you have electricity what can you
Make out of electricity just a couple examples he invented the photograph and the photograph was originally on wax cylinders but eventually on disc the disc would be wax at first eventually vinyl which is plastic by the late 1930s and same idea if sound waves make vibrations can use those vibrations and
Print them on a wax cylinder and recreate it backwards vibrate a stylist and see if that creates noise and it did now I had to come up with a speaker and the first Speaker would be really quiet B almost like it was a megaphone almost but he he eventually started
Started running the the sways through various things he tried everything paper to water to Wood and he hit on what started to vibrate with the sound and would make the first speakers and that would revolutionize phones too we know what he s the soundway through charcoal charcoal vibrated if you if
Look at an old speaker like an old stereo speaker they still use it sometimes today and rip it apart which I did once cuz I was curious and wanted to break something it’s charcoal it’s charcoal old phone cylinder had a little packet of old phones had a little packet of charcoal in
It you just trial in air worked the edone or Dione or dictaphone same deal you speak into this and a stylist makes an imprint on a wax cylinder eventually a record and they use the same idea to make it electronically on a tape on a cassette a piece of tape like a cassette
Tape or real toore tape it’s all the same idea so you can record your own voice he tried to call it an edone which always makes me laugh he wanted everything named after himself here P pus the the 11th using adico these be used well into the 1970s motion picture camera Thomas
Edison did not invent it per se but perfected it and one that could be used and not be too choppy fact would start making short films in well heast in New Jersey so the first motion picture capital of the world would be New Jersey making little short films little short
Stories it would be it would would not be long into the 20th century that they would start doing films here why start making here it’s Hollywood they had no choice there there was an element of that that wasn’t the reason the start weather it’s almost always sunny and the
Same the same weather every day if you film you got have you have to have continuity and so if you’re filming New Jersey and it rains all the time or even snows that could mean days where you have to wait and wait and wait till get the right weather in Southern California
It’s basically the same all the time so and then that would encourage more people there’s people there Montana not really that good for long yeah we other issues here okay let’s get to another innovator dler Benz the internal combustion engine and that’s a German patent for a car the internal combustion engine
Actually petrol was a byproduct of the production of kerosene and it was kind of a really volatile didn’t have much use for some reason in the United States we call it gas gasoline and you can imagine what’s going to happen in the internal combustion engine inside the in in the 20th century but
This requires better production of Steel and also a chemical industry because it’s the pro the chemical process with petroleum that’s going to gasoline another one get right to it we got steel we got this airplane and it’s no coincidence that orille and wil right what was their business that they had
What was their business they used the shop for their business to make a plane yeah bicycle there’s a similar idea of precise lightweight machinery and that’s the first plane 1903 Kitty Hawk North Carolina even though they’re from Ohio why k Hawk constant steady Breeze but not like
Unless A hurricane’s coming out of dust so constant steady Breeze because you got to go into the wind to get that one of the problems the us would have though is they patented this and they wouldn’t allow anybody to improve it so they were using basically not much different than
Just White Flyer for 10 years in Earth and when everybody else started making it for example the French they jumped way ahead problem FR are going to have it’s that whole world war one thing with stifle Innovation so that’s just right here you look at it just a few of these no you
Don’t not you do not need to know these except for of course this great one I just thought funny I thought that was a good patent that’s our next extra credit if you make that we’ll go up on the roof sound good t we’ll keep we’ll just make enough of
Everyone can test one to one by one we just goetic all right but for example blue jeans you didn’t do the pat 1873 and those straw were selling them to gold miners by 1849 but their shs air Westy got involved in air brakes but but what he
Hit it big air brakes for train he hit it big on that alternating current photograph light bulb alkaline battery radio wow Marone once again perfected it skyscraper one of the problems with the skyscraper is they could go higher by 1885 they just need to find an elevator actually elevators weren’t a
Problem they could invent an elevator but elevators uh the Otis Elevator would not be invented until 15 years later he didn’t invent an elevator he invented a way to get it to stop correctly because you can imagine going down could be a problem going up is actually relatively
Easy going down a little bit more difficult so that gives you an idea of all that we have to get to that the the patent the patent office which is created by the United States Constitution would allow for a monopoly for you for inventors and now and then
Eventually the big thing corporations to profit and make money off of their inventions and this does lead to a monopoly there’s all sorts of problems with it and Congress can decide how long the patent is and you can imagine companies want longer and longer and longer and longer
Patents if you know anything about the pharmaceutical industry these patents are worth trillions of dollars and we will come back to this and that’s all the the good thing or all the bad things about monopolies can come out of this but I just put the number of patents that just went up dramatically
In the era of electricity and I like 276 patents in the 1790s per year by the 20000s there are 1.9 to 2.2 million patents every year since from 2000 to 2022 that’s the last one I checked now most patents are just are are not going to be profitable
But some of these are going to be very profitable and a lot of the patents to are just going to patent something to make sure no one else could use it to try to leverage money for it for example if you have a cell phone Samsung patented this
Angle on a phone and they suit Apple so that’s well how patents can be misused I should add that Apple did change this angle and of course it’s Apple so they made a whole new phone and charge more money for it that’s what they did in 1900 the head of the patent
Office said you know pretty much everything that has been invented has already been invented and we should see a real steep de decline in patters because he couldn’t wrap his mind around how much was created by electricity needless to say he was slightly wrong Innovation breeds Innovation but
Speaking of that I was I found this thing talking about you know like predictions of things from 1900s since we’re at about 1900 here’s my German magazine of what they saw would be a great Innovation by the year 2000 I got to admit that would be awesome you got to admit right balloons
Of course I remember looking at something when I was in elementary school and it was a 16 mm film that’s what we had we almost never watch film did a little 16 M film at the string it f when I first started teaching a lot of this
And and it was the future and it was by 2000 by the year 2000 it was everybody would have a hel part and drive right a helicopter scho and I remember thinking God wish I I really wish it would have be now I wish I was I want to be a I want
To be born in 2000 so I can ride a helicopter to school no didn’t make it we have we have Tik Tok so eight railroads I don’t know anything about or the Instagram I don’t know anything I know nothing about uh and I’m old and I know nothing about Facebook
That’s the most might be the most surprising so railroads railroads by thems self would be a massive factor for the Industrial Revolution the Second Industrial Revolution once again just like the first can’t understate the value of railroads me think about how much it’s going to be needed to make a railroad
Just look at these trestles how much the complicated engineering the amount of wood the amount of workers boy does that look rickety though very Ricky in the 1930s and 1940s they would they would replace trestles with you these trestles or like on Mountain sides when they want to go over like valleys
And they would just simply collapse the mountain and make mountains of dirt yeah there’s some issues though with like yeah there’s issues but one of the most important things to understand that is railroad was a was a product of massive government Aid and once again
Not a value judgment I see good and bad things about this but this is direct Aid like the Pacific Railroad Act and indirect Aid Pacific or the Transcontinental Railroad Act the indirect Aid think about it railroads require every other industry railroads require the iron the steel the logging
The coal the petroleum the copper the leather and it requires new schooling and new forms of Education it requires new Banks and new finance and new industrial practices railroads can’t function unless they have the modern things called corporations and therefore things like the stock market railroads would promote everything railroads would be
Key and so government aid for the railroad is also government aid for the steel industry you build a railroad you build steel think about the massive amounts of government Aid the United States government builds the road through taxpayer money you build roads that is direct government aid for
Cars government gives Maxi tax breaks for people who buy their own home huge tax breaks that’s massive government aid for construction that’s massive government aid for lumber that’s how government Aid works so this is what we call at this time producer demand industry fought almost everything what indust the railroads so government
Aid bought all a lot made sure that railroads bought almost all the manufacturing bus it’s not like it is today and I put this map up here this graph up I’m sorry the amount of railroads produced and you can really see the amount of government Aid or the
Amount of railroads amount of government Aid led to other industry now today beginning in the 1920s consumer demand would become the nin Domin it was pretty limited before the 1920s because of low wages but by the 1920s companies were producing more than other companies could provide they
Needed workers to buy things low wages would contribute to the 1929 Great Depression low now about 70% of the United States economy relies upon people us buying stuff and if wages don’t keep up that can lead to depression economists have a name for that they call it secular stagnation I don’t
Know I don’t know what’s up with the Communist either that makes no sense to me my brother’s an economist that’s all I’m going to say but so I put up this map look at the amount of railroad by 1870 and look at the change by 1890 it is dramatic you
Can really really see it and these are just the major lines there’s nothing in Montana it’s huge and that gets to number nine a direct leg to number nine a marriage between government and business and this is government and laws I fair this will be a choice on your test so business leader
Began to realize right away this is old as Government but remember even The Limited democracy the United States have it affects more campaign contributions if Business Leaders they contribute to politicians the politicians make the rules and they’re not doing this because they want the best rules they’re not doing it because
They love the Democratic process they’re doing it because they want to rig the system for them they want laws to help them that’s what why credit mobile a is such a good example of this the credit mobile a scandal shows how government and business were intertwin to rig the
System for the railroads now that one was lant bribery but that’s what campaign contributions Do as more and more stuff is coming out about how Boeing who’s now you used Boeing used to be such an amazing company now it’s just a bunch of Finance years kind of it’s really sad but they gave huge contribution to C certain politicians to put pressure on
The Regulatory Agencies not to regulate them and as it turned out they haven’t been regulating them at all they just been taking bowling’s word for it it’s really dangerous it actually kind of scares me because you know there have been two crashes of boing plans that killed 400
People and then we had about near disaster when that um exit door popped off why they gave money so they would they would make more money so this is a classic cartoon I like this one a lot it’s supposed to be Congress but that’s a member of Congress
But who is he really he’s bought and sold by the railroads and you see a lot of politicians like this now it’s a lot where bot sold by Banks so that is laws air economics we talked about this once before but by the end of the century laware economics became known as conservative
Economics now don’t this is one of the problems you don’t go like Look in the dictionary said oh this is the definition of conservative in the dictionary so that no it is a term for this type of policy that’s specifically designed to Aid a small and narrow part
Of the population they call the conserv it for lots of reasons at the end of the decade don’t read too much into the word it’s a label but what is it don’t mess with competition let them do anything possible anything they want through competition anything and this really
Means don’t mess with monopolies if we have a monopoly don’t mess with it but that means do anything they want how they treat workers don’t worry about quality of product let the market solve this let the new anything they want or how they compete with other companies let the market solve this
But massive government Aid the best examples of the railroads so they want the direct government aid but then let us do anything we want with the money and you that’s we can see this time after time Boeing gets huge amounts of government Aid and then don’t look at what we
Do and by Def definition this helps the big economies a scale and so to this day conservative economics are different ways to do it but it’s designed to help the big what’s another method well how do you value current 1873 the United States formerly went on What’s called the gold standard and by
Definition the gold standard is deflationary meaning the value of money either goes up or at least doesn’t go down very fast because there’s a finite amount of gold by definition this will help those with wealth so the gold standard was designed to help those with wealth basically this
If there’s deflation and the volume money is slowly going up if you have money if you have something very valuable if you have wealth you just let it sit there and it will gain in value and it will gain in value small inflation helps the workers but if you experience with the
Uh covid shortages um prices going up is also very disturbing to workers the government was anti-union that’s another example they would send the troops out to stop labor units the troops the police courts you name it violently anti-union I’ll tell you a little bit about 1873 right after
The break and what does this do unions raise wages unions raise wages so this keeps wages down this is massive government Aid here’s another example tariffs those who want tariffs call protectionist remember that’s a tax on Imports they want to keep out foreign competition they don’t really want a
Free market they don’t want competition keep out the competition and so this shows here’s the United States here are the very high tariffs the United States had in this guilded age business made sure e they kept a very high tap off ter on steel even though by 1910 the United States
Produced more steel than anyone else in the world this is the Tariff of Abominations here here’s the Holly smooch tariff but tariffs raise prices all prices now the reason they raise prices the goal is that protects American industry so they make enough money or more profit if there’s no comp
Comption this is actually a big deal right now because the United States government is trying to invest in Sol electricity but China is has been investing longer and more efficiently and they might undercut not they are undercutting American industry so now there’s talk of perhaps a tariff on
So that would raise prices but encourage American production it’s complex here is showing the government and manufacturing and a protective tariff and squeezing the farmer through high prices that’s when the 1890s cartoon those who don’t want tariffs are called free Traders they want the competition to cut prices free Traders would eventually
Take over for various reasons and we’ll get to by the 1960s we are back to more protections all of these are Massy bits of government Aid huge government Aid and that’s where we get this great cartoon two great cartoons this is Rockefeller Standard Oil and here he is
You see the dollar signs and picking the president but one of my favorite Parts is now to the businessman point of view the capital is just like another Factory producing goods for them as they put the money in here’s the most famous one it’s called the bosses of the Senus I made a
Big letter so you can see and a trust is another word for Monopoly and so here we have the steel trust copper trust standal trust iron trust um cold trust sugar trust dominating Congress and this Senate is for the monopolies by the monop or of the monopolies by the monopolies for the
Monopolies I think that’s a very clever cartoon last bit of government Aid no restrict on immigration and Ellis Island would process millions of immigrants and so this would become one of the symbols of this new wave of immigration and as you can see right here this is the big wave right here of
Immigration if you get a chance go to New York City LS island is pretty amazing and unlike previous immigration this new immigration after the Civil War a lot of Southern and Eastern Europe why cheap us Farm good was flooding the market same thing’s happening in happened in Mexico in the 1990s and this
Happening happening in Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua right now in the short run immigration lowers wages in the short run in the long run it increases the size of the market and therefore more production and actually raises wages it’s no coincidence that this wave of new immigration the near the end of
It would coincide with Birth of a Nation and what group would make a reappearance after birth of the nation my M the clim and that’s part of the reason why the klatz clan was so much of it was anti-immigrant anti- Catholic anti-e an but that is direct government aid for
Business businesses don’t contribute to politicians unless say someone talking for and that will be one of your choices yeah government laws I there and also factors all right go so at lunch if anybody wants to come in I’ll answer questions if people come in let me know you want to come in here
Real quick and you can bring your lunch or whatever I will answer any question you have I would probably get better hints so my favorite historian