Antes de qualquer coisa, antes mesmo da luz ou do tempo, havia apenas o Caos. Das profundezas desse vazio abissal e informe surgiram as primeiras entidades divinas: Gaia, a Terra, e Urano, o Céu. Juntos, eles deram à luz a uma geração de seres poderosos e gigantescos, os Titãs, que eram doze. Dentre eles, o mais notório era Cronos, o Titã do tempo.
Cronos, no entanto, tinha um medo avassalador de ser destronado por seus filhos, assim como ele havia feito com seu próprio pai, Urano. Para evitar a profecia de seu destino, ele engolia cada um de seus descendentes assim que eles nasciam. Porém, sua esposa e irmã, Reia, cansada de ver seus filhos desaparecerem, escondeu o último deles, Zeus, em uma caverna. Em seu lugar, ela deu a Cronos uma pedra envolta em panos, que o Titã engoliu sem perceber o engano.
Quando Zeus cresceu, ele retornou para libertar seus irmãos. Ele fez com que Cronos vomitasse todos os deuses, que então se uniram em uma guerra épica conhecida como a Titanomaquia. Por dez anos, o céu e a terra tremeram com o conflito entre a nova geração de deuses olímpicos, liderados por Zeus, e os antigos Titãs, comandados por Cronos. No final, com a ajuda de gigantes e cíclopes, os deuses do Olimpo saíram vitoriosos. Os Titãs foram aprisionados no abismo do Tártaro, e os deuses estabeleceram seu domínio, dando início a uma nova era sob o governo do poderoso Zeus.
Seja membro deste canal e ganhe benefícios:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjcx9uaNIU2iujRW6cEG8lg/join
#História #educação
Legendas disponíveis em Português, Inglês, Espanhol, Francês, Japonês e Italiano. Para acionar, clique em “CC” (Closed Captions).
Before anything, even before light or time, there was only Chaos. From the depths of this abysmal, formless void emerged the first divine entities: Gaia, the Earth, and Uranus, the Sky. Together, they gave birth to a generation of powerful and gigantic beings, the Titans, twelve in number. Among them, the most notorious was Kronos, the Titan of time. Kronos, however, had an overwhelming fear of being dethroned by his children, just as he had done to his own father, Uranus. To avoid the prophecy of his fate, he swallowed each of his descendants as soon as they were born. However, his wife and sister, Rhea, tired of seeing her children disappear, hid the last of them, Zeus, in a cave. In his place, she gave Kronos a stone wrapped in cloth, which the Titan swallowed without realizing the mistake. When Zeus grew up, he returned to free his brothers. He caused Cronus to vomit out all the gods, who then joined forces in an epic war known as the Titanomachy. For ten years, heaven and earth trembled with the conflict between the new generation of Olympian gods, led by Zeus, and the ancient Titans, commanded by Cronus. In the end, with the help of giants and Cyclopes, the Olympian gods emerged victorious. The Titans were imprisoned in the abyss of Tartarus, and the gods established their rule, ushering in a new era under the rule of the mighty Zeus. After the victory in the Titanomachy, the new rulers of the universe, the Olympian gods, established their abode atop the highest mountain in Greece: Mount Olympus. Twelve of them, the most powerful, formed the divine council that would rule the world. At the helm was the imposing Zeus, lord of the heavens, lightning, and thunder. Beside him, on the main throne, sat his wife and sister, Hera, the goddess of marriage and protector of women, known for her beauty and vengeful nature, especially when faced with her husband’s infidelities. Zeus’s siblings also assumed important roles. Poseidon, the irascible lord of the seas, earthquakes, and horses, commanded the waters with his trident. Hades, the dark ruler of the Underworld, held power over the souls of the deceased and the riches of the underworld. Life on Earth was protected by Demeter, the goddess of agriculture, and Hestia, the goddess of the hearth and home. The other Olympian gods, Zeus’s children, completed the pantheon. Athena, the wise goddess of strategic warfare, wisdom, and the arts, was born from Zeus’s head. Her brother Apollo was the god of the sun, music, poetry, and prophecy. Her twin sister, Artemis, was the goddess of the hunt, wildlife, and the moon. There was also the lame Hephaestus, the skilled blacksmith of the gods, and Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, born from the foam of the sea. The agile messenger of the gods, Hermes, was the protector of travelers and merchants, known for his winged sandals. Finally, Ares, the god of bloody war, completed the group. Together, these twelve gods exercised their dominion over the world, controlling the forces of nature, the fate of mortals, and the order of the universe, creating an intricate drama of passions, rivalries, and heroic deeds that would shape Greek mythology forever. After the rise of the Olympian gods, the universe needed a crucial element: humanity. The Titan Prometheus, whose name means “one who thinks first,” was responsible for this creation. Using clay and water, he fashioned the first human beings, giving them form and intelligence. However, humans were fragile and vulnerable, and the gods, with the exception of Prometheus, cared little about their fate. To help them, Prometheus decided to trick Zeus into a sacrifice. He divided an ox into two parts: one containing the meat and organs, covered with the animal’s stomach (an unattractive part), and the other containing the bones, covered with a thick layer of glistening fat. Zeus, when choosing which part the gods would receive, was deceived by the appearance and took the second, leaving the meat for the humans. Furious at the deception, Zeus removed fire from the Earth, depriving humanity of an essential tool for civilization. Prometheus, however, did not accept Zeus’s decision. He ascended to Olympus and secretly stole fire from Hephaestus’s forge, hiding it in a fennel stalk to take back to Earth. Humanity. For his audacity, he was punished. Zeus chained him to a rock in the Caucasus, where an eagle devoured his liver every day, which regenerated overnight, perpetuating his suffering. As final revenge, Zeus ordered the creation of Pandora, the first woman, who carried a box containing all the evils of the world. When she opened it, curiosity unleashed pain, disease, and death upon humanity, leaving only hope within, sealing the fate of Prometheus’s creation with a dose of tragedy and resilience. No Greek hero is more celebrated or tormented than Heracles, the demigod of unparalleled strength. Born of the union between the mighty Zeus and the mortal Alcmene, he was hated by Hera, Zeus’s jealous wife, from birth. She pursued him with relentless fury, sending serpents into his crib and, later, inflicting upon him a terrible madness that led him to commit a heinous crime: killing his own family. Consumed by guilt and despair, Heracles sought redemption. He sought the Oracle of Delphi, who imposed a penance on him: serve his cousin, King Eurystheus, and complete twelve seemingly impossible labors. This journey led him to face the most monstrous creatures in mythology. He crushed the Nemean Lion, whose hide was impenetrable, and decapitated the Lernaean Hydra, a serpent with nine self-regenerating heads. He captured the Erymanthian Boar, cleaned the Augean stables in a single day, and defeated the Birds of Lake Stymphalia. His most challenging labors included capturing the Cretan Bull, capturing Diomedes’ horses, stealing Hippolyta’s girdle, and obtaining the golden apples from the Garden of the Hesperides. The last and most dangerous of all was the capture of Cerberus, the three-headed dog that guarded the gates to the Underworld. At the end of the twelve labors, Heracles was pardoned. However, his life continued to be a saga of adventure and tragedy. After his death, he was taken to Mount Olympus, becoming the only mortal hero to achieve immortality, an eternal symbol of strength, suffering, and triumph. In a time when the power of the gods and the glory of heroes intertwined with the fate of kingdoms, the island of Crete was ruled by the powerful and cruel King Minos. His story is connected to a mythical tragedy: Queen Pasiphae, as punishment from Poseidon, gave birth to a monstrous creature, half man, half bull, the fearsome Minotaur. To hide the shame of his kingdom, Minos commissioned Daedalus, the genius inventor, to build a complex structure from which no one could escape: the Labyrinth. Every nine years, Athens was obliged to send seven young men and seven young women to Crete as tribute, to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. The city lived under this terrible oppression until Prince Theseus, son of King Aegeus, decided to break the cycle of terror. He volunteered to be one of fourteen young men, tasked with entering the Labyrinth and slaying the monster. Arriving in Crete, his courage caught the attention of Princess Ariadne, daughter of Minos himself. In love with Theseus, she decided to help him. Before he entered the Labyrinth, she gave him a ball of thread, instructing him to tie one end at the entrance and unwind it as he went. Theseus followed her advice, confronted the Minotaur in the heart of the structure, and slew him. Using Ariadne’s thread, he managed to find his way back to the exit, freeing the young men of Athens and, for a brief moment, becoming the hero of two cities. However, his journey would not end there, and his promise to Ariadne would prove as great a challenge as the Minotaur itself. From the depths of Olympus, a discord between the goddesses—Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite—triggered the most legendary war in Greek history. The Trojan prince Paris, chosen to judge which of them was the most beautiful, offered the golden apple to Aphrodite, who promised him the most beautiful woman in the world: Helen, wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. Paris’s abduction of Helen was the trigger that united the Greek kings under the command of Agamemnon, Menelaus’s brother, to march against the city of Troy. The war lasted ten years, a saga of bloody battles, heroism, and suffering. At the center of the conflict was the invincible Greek warrior Achilles, whose fury and combat skills were… unparalleled. Protected by invulnerable skin (except for his heel), he was the hope of the Greeks. His decision to withdraw from the war after a disagreement with Agamemnon changed the course of the battle, and his return to avenge the death of his friend Patroclus was the turning point that sealed the fate of many Trojan heroes. Despite the strength of the Greeks, the imposing walls of Troy seemed impenetrable. The war dragged on until the cunning Odysseus, king of Ithaca, conceived a brilliant idea. He suggested that the Greeks build a gigantic wooden horse, hollow inside. The Greek fleet feigned a retreat, leaving the horse as a supposed offering to the gods. The Trojans, believing in victory, dragged the gift into their city. At night, the Greek warriors hiding inside the horse emerged and opened the gates to the returning army. Thus, by an act of cunning, the great city of Troy was finally conquered and destroyed, ending the most famous war in mythology. After the fall of Troy, while most of the Greek heroes departed for home, the resourceful Odysseus, king of Ithaca, began a return journey that would become an epic saga in its own right. His voyage, which was supposed to last only a few weeks, stretched over ten long years, an odyssey of divine challenges, terrifying monsters , and the relentless struggle for survival. His crew was the first to face the wrath of the gods, especially that of Poseidon, after they blinded his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus. The cunning Odysseus managed to outwit the giant creature, but the sea god’s vengeance pursued him throughout his journey. Odysseus’s crew faced the hypnotic song of the Sirens, who lured sailors to their deaths, the monsters Scylla and Charybdis, and the sorceress Circe, who transformed his men into pigs. With each challenge, Odysseus demonstrated not only strength but also a resourcefulness and courage that set him apart from all other heroes. While he fought his way back, his faithful wife, Penelope, and their son, Telemachus, waited in Ithaca, resisting a legion of suitors who coveted his throne and wealth. When Odysseus finally arrived, unrecognizable in his beggar’s garb, he needed to use his cunning one last time to reclaim his home and family. His reunion with Penelope and the reclaiming of his kingdom was a triumph of perseverance and loyalty. Odysseus’s story is not just about a voyage, but about the human journey of resilience, endurance, and the powerful force of the desire to return home. Among the greatest heroes of Greek mythology, few endeavors were as audacious as the quest for the Golden Fleece, and none was led by a hero more determined than Jason. Rightful heir to the throne of Iolcos, Jason was exiled by his uncle Pelias, who challenged him to retrieve the legendary Golden Fleece and reclaim the throne. Without hesitation, Jason built the ship Argo, the largest vessel ever seen, and recruited the most remarkable crew of its time, an assembly of heroes who became known as the Argonauts. The Argo’s journey was fraught with challenges, but Jason’s greatest ordeal awaited him in distant Colchis, where the Golden Fleece was guarded by a dragon that never slept. To succeed, Jason needed the help of Medea, the daughter of King Aeetes. Medea, a powerful sorceress, fell madly in love with Jason and, betraying her own father, used her magic to overcome the king’s obstacles, subdue the dragon, and help Jason steal the Fleece. The conquest of the Golden Fleece should have been the climax of a story of triumph, but the romance between Jason and Medea became one of mythology’s greatest tragedies. After returning to Greece, Jason betrayed Medea to marry the princess of Corinth. Consumed by revenge and grief, Medea committed horrific acts, murdering Jason’s fiancée and even her own children. The story of Jason and Medea serves as a grim reminder that, in Greek mythology, the glory of heroes often comes with devastating consequences, and that love and betrayal can be forces as powerful and destructive as any monster. Among the heroes of Greek mythology, the story of Orpheus is one of the most touching and tragic. He was not a warrior, but a legendary musician, son of the muse Calliope. His music was so enchanting that it could calm wild beasts, move rocks and trees, and even soothe the wrath of the gods. He fell madly in love with Eurydice, a forest nymph, and the two married, living in a state of idyllic bliss. However, their happiness was short-lived. Eurydice was bitten by a poisonous serpent and died, descending to the Underworld. Consumed by grief, Orpheus refused to accept his fate. He took up his lyre and decided to do something no mortal had dared: he descended to the underworld to try to rescue his beloved. His music was so powerful that even the ferryman Charon, who ferried the souls of the dead, and the fearsome three-headed dog Cerberus were moved. He finally arrived before Hades and Persephone, the rulers of the underworld, and played a song about his love for Eurydice so moving that even they, known for their severity, shed tears. A moved Hades agreed to return Eurydice to him, but on one condition: on the way back to the surface, Orpheus must walk ahead and not look back for his beloved. If he did, she would be lost forever. They began the ascent, and Orpheus, eager to be sure Eurydice was following him, turned in the final moments of the journey. In that instant, she disappeared into the shadows, returning to the underworld forever. The tragedy of Orpheus and Eurydice is a story of love, despair, and the bitter lesson that not even the greatest of talents can change fate. Among the myths that explore the complexity of human destiny, the story of Oedipus is one of the darkest and most iconic. It all began with a terrible prophecy made by the Oracle of Delphi to King Laius of Thebes: his son, Oedipus, was destined to kill him and marry his own mother, Queen Jocasta. Desperate to avoid the prophecy, Laius and Jocasta abandoned the infant Oedipus to die on a mountainside. However, a shepherd found him and took him to Corinth, where he was adopted by the king and queen, growing up unaware of his true origins. As an adult, Oedipus heard rumors about the prophecy and, fearing it might apply to his adoptive parents, fled Corinth. On his journey, he encountered a stranger and his entourage at a crossroads and, in an argument, ended up killing the man—unaware that it was his real father, King Laius. Later, he arrived in Thebes, a city terrorized by a monster called the Sphinx, who devoured anyone who could not solve her riddle. Oedipus, with his intelligence, solved the riddle, freeing the city from terror. As a reward for saving the city, the Thebans elected him king and gave him the hand of the widowed queen, Jocasta. For many years, Oedipus ruled wisely, unaware of his curse. However, a plague fell upon Thebes, and the oracle revealed that the city would only be purified when Laius’s murderer was found and punished. The truth, slowly and painfully, came to light. Oedipus discovered that he was the murderer of his father and the husband of his mother. Upon unraveling the mystery, Jocasta hanged herself, and Oedipus, in an agony of despair and horror, blinded himself with the brooches from the queen’s dress. The tragedy of Oedipus is a powerful reminder that, in Greek mythology, fate is an implacable force that not even the greatest human will can escape. Among the heroes who defied monsters and fate itself, few had a story as full of prophecy and divine intervention as Perseus. His legend began with a dark prophecy that foretold he was destined to kill his grandfather, King Acrisius. Fearing the curse, the grandfather locked his daughter Danae and the infant Perseus in a chest and threw them into the sea. They survived, but the prophecy would follow them. As an adult, Perseus was sent on a seemingly impossible mission: to retrieve the head of Medusa, one of the three Gorgon monsters. Medusa possessed serpentine hair and a gaze that turned anyone who looked directly at her to stone. Perseus, however, was not alone on his journey. He received help from powerful gods. Athena and Hermes, impressed by his courage, equipped him with divine artifacts essential to the success of his mission: a helmet of invisibility, winged sandals, a magic bag to hold Medusa’s head, and a polished bronze shield. With the helmet, he approached Medusa unseen and, to avoid her deadly gaze, used the shield as a mirror to see the monster’s reflection. Thus, with a single blow, he decapitated the Gorgon. After this feat, Perseus’s journey led him to find Princess Andromeda, chained to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea monster. He saved her, using Medusa’s head to turn the creature to stone. Perseus’s return with Medusa’s head and Andromeda at his side was a triumph. The story of Perseus is a classic example of a hero who, with divine help and his own bravery, manages to overcome the most insurmountable challenges, proving that destiny, though powerful, can be shaped by cunning and courage. Although Greek deities are no longer worshipped in temples, their myths continue to resonate, shaping the culture, psychology, and art of our time. The legacy of Greek mythology is ubiquitous, appearing in literature, film, and television series. Works like Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson saga bring the Olympian gods into the modern world, while films like “Clash of the Titans” and “Troy” retell the legends for new generations. In architecture, the influence of Ancient Greece can be seen in capital buildings around the world, with their columns and pediments evoking the Parthenon and other classical temples. The influence of Greek mythology, however, extends far beyond art and culture. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud used the myth of Oedipus to coin the “Oedipus complex,” a central theory of modern psychology. The term “narcissism” comes from Narcissus, the young man who fell in love with his own reflection. Philosophy, politics, and even astronomy are replete with Greek references, with names of planets, constellations, and scientific concepts harking back to its rich tradition. The legacy of Greek myths lies in their timelessness. They explore universal themes such as love, betrayal, ambition, destiny, and the search for redemption. Their heroes, with their triumphs and flaws, are archetypes that continue to teach us about the human condition. Ultimately , Greek mythology endures because its stories are not just about gods and monsters, but about the complexities of life, echoing across millennia and proving that legends can be as powerful today as they were over 2,500 years ago.