Wykładowca:
dr inż. Radosław Szczerbowski (Wydział Inżynierii Środowiska i Energetyki, Politechnika Poznańska, Federacja Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych)
Spis treści:
0:00 Wstęp
2:48 Przedstawienie wykładowcy głównego dra inż. Roberta Szczerbowskiego
8:37 Polski system energetyczny
16:44 Źródła konwencjonalne
18:31 Problemy źródeł konwencjonalnych
23:01 Przyszłość bezemisyjnych źródeł energii
24:13 Fotowoltaika
37:48 Elektrownie wiatrowe
49:11 Elektrownie wodne
54:08 Elektrownie biogazowe
1:01:05 Elektromobilność
1:07:39 Surowce stosowane w odnawialnych źródłach energii
1:13:17 Energetyka jądrowa
1:18:39 Efektywne połączenie różnych źródeł energii
1:20:01 Pytania i odpowiedzi
Forum jest skupione na omówieniu najbardziej optymalnej proporcji pomiędzy źródłami bezemisyjnymi oraz emisyjnymi i ich szybka ewolucja w kierunku odejścia od konwencjonalnych źródeł emisyjnych. Podkreślona zostanie wciąż istotna rola energetyki konwencjonalnej w aktualnym miksie energetycznym i racjonalne (tzn. bez strat ekonomicznych, gospodarczych i społecznych) od niej odchodzenie. Poddany zostanie analizie docelowy miks energetyczny dla Polski oraz dla innych wybranych poprzez swoją specyfikę krajów świata.
Cykl sesji pt. “Czyste i zrównoważone źródła energii dla ochrony klimatu”.
Dofinansowano z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (SONP/SN/548954/2022).
#klimat #nauka #energetyka
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name is Mariusz Dąbrowski. I am the president of the Eureka Foundation named after Professor Jerzy Stelmach, which hosts you as part of the sixth and last session of the discussion forum entitled Clean and sustainable energy sources for climate protection. Our project is co-financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education as part of the social responsibility of science program and our goal is to present expert knowledge on the transformation to emission-free energy sources and departure from conventional sources which, as you will learn, are emission-intensive. The discussion in today’s and tomorrow’s forum of the sixth session will largely be a summary of the entire series of sessions devoted to emission-free ones, i.e. those that do not emit greenhouse gases. The source of energy includes so-called renewable sources. We dedicated a solar energy session here. We devoted a session to wind and geothermal energy, and we also include nuclear sources as emission-free sources, and the session was also devoted to this. As part of our meeting today and tomorrow, we wanted to emphasize that currently the Polish energy industry, especially and a large part of the global energy industry , is an energy industry that still emits greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide, but the global assumptions are to move away from these sources towards sources that will be emission-free. Today we will start with a lecture by our guest. The main lecturer of this lecture will be Dr. Engineer Radosław Szczerbowski from the Poznań University of Technology. Also representing the Federation of Scientific and Technical Associations. I warmly welcome you, doctor. Good morning, professor. Ladies and gentlemen, before I give the floor to the doctor, I would like to say a few words about our session and the profile of Dr. Szczerbowski. Our session will consist of today’s lecture and two discussion workshops this afternoon. Tomorrow there will be a special lecture devoted to conventional energy in Poland and two workshops on energy transformation to emission-free sources. Ladies and gentlemen, Radosław Szczerbowski, PhD, engineer of technical sciences, is a graduate of the Poznań University of Technology and has spent most of his professional career with this University of Technology. In the years 1994-2019 he worked as a research and teaching employee at the Institute of Electrical Engineering of this University of Technology, and since 2022 he has been working as an assistant professor at the Department of Power Plants of Electricity Management at the Faculty of Environmental and Energy Engineering of the Poznań University of Technology. The doctor also had an episode. He was the city’s energy engineer, manager of the city’s branch. Municipal Energy Engineer in the Municipal Management Department of the Poznań City Hall in 2019-2022. The doctor deals with issues of energy production , energy management, energy policy and energy security. He has written over 90 publications, including editing 14 scientific monographs in the field of energy and energy security. The doctor is also the president of the Federation of Scientific and Technical Associations (FSNT) NOT in Poznań, branch in Poznań, and vice-president of the Management Board of the Poznań Branch of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers NOT. To complement this, he is also the vice-president of the Clean Energy Foundation, so he devotes a lot of time to popularizing knowledge related to energy, energy production, energy processing and energy security. Ladies and Gentlemen, I would like to cordially invite you to a lecture. Doctor , please outline the topic of "Effectively combining energy sources and how to transform from conventional to emission-free sources." Please. I give the floor to the doctor. Ladies and gentlemen, first of all, I would like to thank the professor of the Eureka Foundation for allowing me to speak today . All the more so because I am aware of how distinguished guests have appeared before me in previous editions this venture. I am even more pleased that I can participate in such an esteemed group and convey what I think is important when it comes to such important issues. Is the main outline of this energy transformation , above all, the transformation of conventional sources into emission-free ones. Otherwise, I will try to say whether we are actually able to effectively combine these different energy sources. Let me share (the presentation). I hope it will be visible soon . So please, please continue. Ladies and gentlemen, the topic of my speech, as the professor mentioned, is – How to effectively combine different energy sources. Otherwise, is the transformation of conventional sources into emission-free ones possible here? Thank you for saying a few words about me. I wanted to say it, but the professor did it so perfectly that you can actually skip this slide. However, I would like to start this entire discussion regarding the transformation of the energy sector by presenting our Polish energy sector or the Polish energy system because it seems to me that at this moment, or if we tell ourselves what it looks like at the moment. We will see whether this whole problem will emerge and what challenges await us in the future, in the next few or even several years, to change this energy system which cannot be denied that it is largely based on conventional energy sources. On these emission ones. If we look at the left slide, here we have the percentage structure of installed capacity in the Polish power system, the data is at the end of 2023 and we can clearly see here that 33 are sources that are powered by hard coal. Additionally, there are 14 brown coal 6 PR, these are power plants. gas, a small share of industrial power plants, most of which are also powered by fossil fuels. However, when it comes to this percentage structure, already 40% of the power system consists of wind sources and other renewable sources, primarily photovoltaic installations, which we will also talk about in a moment, or in other words, looking at for this percentage structure of installed power, this mix seems to be quite interesting because Well, there is a large share of these sources already, if we also add hydroelectric power plants, then the power installed in the power system in these renewable sources seems to be significant. However, on the right side it doesn’t look so good anymore because we have here the percentage share in the production of electricity of individual groups of power plants and here it is clearly visible that despite the fact that these renewable sources already constitute 40 or maybe even more percent of the power installed in the system, unfortunately the energy produced from them is covers only 21% of our demand, which is the reason for this. This is primarily due to the basic fact that these sources are mostly, unfortunately, stochastic, weather-dependent. In other words, photovoltaic power plants. Their operating time in the power system is approximately 1,000 hours a year of wind power plants. from two to approximately TR 3 and 500 depending on the location, we do not yet have wind farms at sea. Therefore, the operating time of these wind farms is also much lower, while conventional energy, i.e. coal, hard coal, brown coal, still covers over 60 percent, if we add gas to this, it is 70, almost 80 percent of the installed capacity or the power of electricity generated in our power system, these are conventional sources and this is the whole problem when it comes to the challenge that awaits us in the future, what sources, how to replace them, in what configuration to replace these sources whose advantage is, above all, that they are not so dependent on the weather, they can work regardless of whether it is hot or cold, whether it is raining or snowing, coal-fired power plants are working, they are functioning, their weather dependence is much smaller if we look at and the structure of changes in installed capacity in renewable sources primarily in the years 2005-2023, you can see a very dynamic development at the beginning when it comes to the first ones. I’m sorry. The first years, the dynamic development of wind energy, which, in fact, you could say, until 2016 until the introduction of the famous distance act, develops very dynamically, later it slowed down a bit. Nevertheless despite the fact that the Distance Act greatly limited the number of new wind farms being built and their integration into the power system, they were still developing somewhere. And now, from about 2020, another very dynamic development, this time of photovoltaic installations, which was also associated with a change in terms of about these legislative changes, i.e. great support for photovoltaic installations, especially those of a prosumer nature. Where subsidies appeared, where it was possible to build these installations without any notification, actually yes. So here it was enough to report the desire to connect to the distribution system operator and the operator was obliged to achieve this In other words, if we looked at approximately the end of 2020 or almost 15 GW, at the moment it has already been significantly exceeded, we have installed photovoltaic installations, that is, almost 60 of all renewable sources, almost 10 GW. Or 9 in small pieces, i.e. 34, these are sources wind, a small share Unfortunately, we have biomass, biogas sources And hydropower, which here Actually, one could say that it is developing very little, relatively few hydroelectric power plants are being built, so we can clearly see this dynamics and this development, especially when it comes to these photovoltaic sources. And there you have it. countries, what awaits us in this power system, looking into the future or looking ahead in these years. Unfortunately, we are facing a gradual withdrawal of the generating units of those coal-fired units that are treated in the power system by the operator of this system by the Polish power grids as centrally dispatched generating units. In other words, the operator transmission system has the ability to influence the operation of these units, it determines the operating schedule of these units, it determines the power at which they are to operate, the time at which they are turned on, off from the system, which can provide a higher power value, a lower power value, and so on. These are the units that are responsible for safety operation of the energy system, so that the power system functions in a stable manner, so that the appropriate sweating parameters and voltage values are maintained, i.e. so that we, as end users, are satisfied that the current we have in the socket simply meets the criteria it should meet and now what awaits us, this process has already started earlier because some of these units were already turned off in the years 2016-20, among others, I will mention here the Adamów power plant, which has already stopped operating and was built in the 1960s, and until about 1940, if we looked at these units here, first of all, in orange color, it is clearly visible that we will be there by 2025 , there will be 2 GW later almost TR later these are power plants that have already worked for their years. In other words, these are units that have worked for 50, even some 60 years, some a little shorter, but no. It was assumed that their life time. Will the operation time be 40 with a little precipitation? Another thing is, of course, environmental conditions very often show it turns out that installing modern technologies on these old units to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen is so troublesome in terms of the cost of these investments that it will be easier or cheaper to simply close these units. And this is actually compounded by all these allowance prices for carbon dioxide emissions, therefore the combination of these environmental aspects with this aspect of the aging of these units means that we, these units, will be in decommissioned in the near future, if we look at the plans of the energy companies that own and manage these coal units, we can say that by 2049 or 2050 we will have closed or turned off all conventional power plants, I am talking about these coal units. Nevertheless, in this phase-out plan will also appear by 2040 and then, in the perspective of 2050, also the first wind farms that we built at the turn of the century. Because they will also be 40 or 50 years old, so their period of operation will slowly come to an end. In other words, we have a big problem with what these sources are. how to replace these sources, but if we look at the conventional sources that currently, as I mentioned, constitute the basis of our system, constitute the pillar of the security of this power system, we have quite a lot of them And, above all, they have many. First of all, they work all the time, they can work all the time, produce energy when needed, fuel can be transported, can be stored regardless of whether it is hard coal or brown coal, maybe we have DOS for it, they are a stable source of energy, i.e. they are not dependent on the weather, they perform an important regulatory function in the energy system, i.e. the operator transmission system, having conventional sources at its disposal, it can be said that it is safe and knows how these sources are able to behave, knows their operating characteristics, they are predictable, are only slightly dependent on atmospheric conditions, it is known that at very high temperatures, especially in in the summer, unfortunately here, the process of cooling the condensers of these large conventional power plants causes us to use this water. Especially in these open systems where we use water from a river or lake, we use this water even more with trees, these environmental conditions in some way. However, they still affect the work However, it is said that these are units independent of weather conditions. And they can be operated for several dozen years. The example of our power plants that have been in operation since the 1960s and 1970s shows that 50 or almost 60 years of operation for coal-fired units is not a significant challenges if they are carried out, of course, in a technically and economically justified way, i.e. all renovations are carried out according to plan and so on and so forth, while conventional sources also have one big problem that is worth mentioning. Because we burn fossil fuels, we burn coal which has in its chemical composition carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, therefore, in the combustion process, oxides are produced, dioxide, sulfur oxides are produced, dust is produced, so these are emission sources, i.e. those that affect our surroundings, those that affect our landscape, that also affect our health, because we would like to breathe this air clean air, however, the air is polluted, and in order to demystify our energy sector and point out that it is not that bad, it seems that the Energy sector has made significant progress in the last 20 years or more in terms of reducing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. actually a power unit that is not equipped with dedusting installations, desulfurization installations, many of these generating units also have flue gas denitrification installations that meet restrictive emission standards and actually meet all the European criteria which, in a way, become more and more restrictive every year and introduce further restrictions in terms of the number of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere and this energy industry is coping with this problem, in other words, the challenges it faces have been taken up and implemented by this energy industry and our energy industry actually meets all these criteria, looking at another problem which appears locally. Of course, these large generating units, large units operated with a closed cooling system, cause it to occur locally this climate may change a little because the amount of water and steam that is actually emitted by cooling towers as a result of the rising steam causes subtle changes in the microclimate in the close vicinity of these power plants – they are of course small. However, we can also talk about the fact that the water that is taken somewhere from a well or from some systems that support this condenser cooling system is emitted into the atmosphere, so here it also worsens the climatic conditions locally. When talking about coal-fired power plants, it is worth mentioning another very important aspect of power plants. which are fired with brown coal require huge open pits of brown coal, i.e. we collect the top layer of earth, we get to these brown coal seams, they have been exploiting this mine for several dozen years, groundwater flows into this mine, or in other words, around this mine, unfortunately, there is a problem of the kind that somewhere there is a bit of a lack of groundwater there , so this is a challenge primarily of an ecological nature. However, after the exploitation of such an outcrop is completed, nature allows or appropriate preparation of this outcrop allows us to make this entire life cycle around this open pits returned almost to these elements or to the state that they were originally, of course, it also takes years, there are years 10, 20, 30 years after the end of exploitation, only this water relations begin to return to their original state. Of course, when we talk about brown coal, we also talk about huge areas the land has been economically excluded from exploitation, there it is impossible to plant any crops, forests, etc. Only after recultivation will it be possible to return to this process, speaking of hard coal, we must also be aware of the fact that this hard coal is unfortunately extracted from deep mining deposits, which in At the moment, looking at, for example, Polish Mining, they reach above 1000 meters, i.e. less than a kilometer underground, coal is mined and extracted to the surface. Unfortunately, mining damage is very often caused by the operation of the mine, so this is also another problem that appears with the energy industry, so here we use these huge coal deposits that we have to extract from the ground that we have to store burned in power plants And these harmful substances escape into the atmosphere somewhere, so it is a problem but if there is a problem, try to find a solution to this problem and it seems that these emission-free sources energy, this is the future of energy from which it is probably impossible to escape. We can speculate about how long these coal-fired power plants will continue to operate in our energy sector in the sectors of other countries. I will only mention that, as I said, approximately until 2049 will be the moment of closure. the last coal-fired power plant, the Germans, who are famous for having a lot of installed sources, looking at their energy sector, currently have more conventional coal-fired sources than we do in our power system, are planning to shut down the last coal-fired power plant, at least by 2035, maybe 38, which means they are a bit faster this can be achieved by looking at China and India, which also invest heavily in conventional sources, i.e. they are building coal blocks and gas blocks, it seems that the world will not forget about coal so quickly, while Europe wants to be the first climate neutral continent , we want to show that it is possible, that it is possible exclusion of conventional energy, switching to primarily emission-free sources. Therefore, let’s take a closer look at these emission-free sources and see if they are actually completely emission-free or, despite these many advantages, do they also have some disadvantages. We will start with photovoltaics, which seems to be such a source. which can be used virtually everywhere, considering the geographical conditions of Poland. Well, we are not in such a fortunate situation as Spain or Italy. Nevertheless, these 1000 watts per square meter in the case of a clear sky allows for the installation of many renewable sources. photovoltaic panels Well, since we already have over 15 GW installed in our system, it proves that this development is actually possible. the construction itself of the photovoltaic panel. It can be said that it is very simple because the aluminum frame in these older systems, the ones we have in frameless systems, there is a tempered glass, there is an appropriate foil. which protects us is a silicon cell, another protective paste , an electrical insulating one, a junction box and, in fact, the entire structure of the photovoltaic installation. So we can say that the process, the complexity of this device is really low, these basic types, monocrystalline polys, currently there are new new solutions with higher and higher efficiencies and higher and higher efficiencies. power, because when the first photovoltaic panels had a power of 80 watts and 100 watts, now it is already said that actually 500 watt photovoltaic panels are available on the market at any time in any configuration in any solution, but looking at photovoltaic installations it can be said that only our imagination would be able to limit us in any way when it comes to the place of installation, there are extensive installations, huge tracts of land on which we can build photovoltaic installations with huge powers, they may as well be building installations, i.e. those mounted on the roof, so far it has been said only that they can be mounted on the southern wall on the southern roof. Currently, it is already said that both installations facing west or facing the miracle also allow for the appropriate use of this solar radiation. These panels are becoming more and more effective . These panels are becoming more and more efficient. actually everywhere because it is also on some water objects that track it Solar radiation Thanks to this we increase the efficiency of using the shining sun, so our installations follow the solar disk collecting more and more of this energy, of course there are also installations that are mounted on the surface itself water The advantage of this installation, which is also appearing more and more often in Europe, our European solutions, is that the water perfectly cools these panels from the bottom, even in the period when it is very hot, and it is also worth mentioning that the higher the temperature, the efficiency of the panel, unfortunately decreases, so they are in some way dependent on the efficiency of this weather and these high temperatures. Here we have this system. You could say an automatic cooling system for this lake. Another advantage is that solar radiation does not reach the water surface due to the water under these panels is definitely cooler, which also improves the life processes in such a water reservoir, we can arrange these photovoltaic panels in such a way that they create some kind of pictures showing, I don’t know, company logos or anything else, or in other words, our imagination is able to only limit us . There are very interesting solutions, also plants that follow the sun, imitating some trees, installations that hide at night so that they are not damaged, for example by hail, rain or wind, also these technical solutions, ladies and gentlemen, there are many of them, these are photovoltaic glass. we can assemble this installation, these silicon wafers, glass, which then imitates a photovoltaic panel, these are photovoltaic roof tiles that we can replace the traditional roof tile with a photovoltaic roof tile, thanks to which the entire roof, the entire roof surface is a working energy installation, a photovoltaic installation, a new thing that appeared a few years ago these are photovoltaic fences installed mainly in France and Germany, i.e. along the road in a vertical arrangement, a photovoltaic panel stands there, these are quite interesting photovoltaic installations because these panels can be illuminated on both sides, so they are bifacial, on both sides we can illuminate them, so we can orient them in the east-west orientation, not necessarily in the south orientation, and by the way, they are certain a kind of protection from wind, rain and snow also constitute such a landscape element. We can build this fence around any road. Is it also an advantage of every road we drive that when such a traditional south-oriented installation is in operation, it is in summer? In fact somewhere it starts up at 6:00 a.m. and works until 6:00 p.m., the energy peak is at noon, when there is actually a high demand, but if these installations are actually in the power system, especially at this level of too much low voltage, unfortunately the inverters of these installations turn off at this point, out of operation because the voltage value is increased too much. However, this water installation in the West in the vertical system, for the energy sector, starts a little faster in terms of the installation’s operating time because it is already able to generate the appropriate voltage value. It works a little longer because this The Western direction also allows us to extend the operating time of this installation, the production peak is moved from the morning hours to the afternoon hours, in other words, it is distributed a little in this power system and these types of installations are also beneficial from the point of view of the operation of this power system. So we no longer have this peak of production in these hours, at 12:00, the two peaks diverge a little over time, and now another advantage of these installations is that newer and newer solutions are emerging, for example solutions related to microinverters have been used for many years or, to put it another way, a dozen or so years ago A few years ago, an installation placed on the roof on which the shade fell caused the shaded panel to affect the operation of all individual panels on this roof surface. Because they are connected to each other in series and parallel, so here is the worst element. affected the operation of the entire installation, now that we can install microinverters, the weakest panel, shade those installed on this roof, we can actually use this roof in almost 100%, but photovoltaic installations also have their drawbacks, they are unfortunately very fragile, i.e. hail or some kind of rain. stones into this photovoltaic installation cause them to be damaged, a poorly installed photovoltaic installation on the roof, in the event of strong winds, and such Unfortunately, they appear more and more often, i.e., wind speeds exceeding 7080 km per hour, with a poorly installed installation, such an installation can even be torn off the roof surface. cases of this type occur, another defect that results partly from the production process, i.e. the appearance of so -called hot spots from the bottom. Unfortunately, this phenomenon accumulates during the operation of the photovoltaic installation, causing an increase in the temperature of this cell. In the case of higher and higher temperatures, it becomes even worse, which may in the end result in the photovoltaic panel catching fire and, of course, the catastrophe resulting from the entire installation burning down on the roof; another thing is that, despite everything, under the roof surface, under these panels, there are cables laid that carry electricity due to this depends on the quality of the assembly, the quality of the mounted contacts, and whether there is no such thing as a prosaic marten that can cause damage to a car, but is equally or equally capable of short-circuiting such an installation of a working photovoltaic installation, therefore these installations can also unfortunately, we will catch fire on these roofs. And you know, no one would like to experience such a disaster as a burning roof to which the fire brigade comes and wonders whether it can come in and start extinguishing the fire or whether it is still a working energy installation that a firefighter can help with. And there you go. countries This weather dependency, when it rains, no problem, it will clean the photovoltaic installation nicely. However, in case of heavy snowfall , unfortunately, the photovoltaic installation does not work. Due to its color, the snow melts very quickly from this photovoltaic installation, and in situations like the one in the attached picture, such an installation will generate no energy for us, so this weather dependence is significant. To sum up, looking at these photovoltaic installations, pollution-free solar energy does not cause any emissions. greenhouse gases, it practically does not require maintenance, in fact, these panels can wash themselves, there are no problems at all, it is enough to check the electrical installation only once a year, the criteria can work, it is said that it lasts 25-30 years, but there is nothing stopping you if this installation, photos , are the panels efficient or can they work for even more than 30 years, then they will have a lower efficiency compared to what they had at the very beginning, we have the opportunity to supply electricity away from the power grid, so we can create something like energy islands and even while driving we can set up photovoltaic panels in the forest with a camper and, in a way, charge our own battery, energy storage. So we have our own private power plant and this is their undeniable advantage, they can be installed practically anywhere, because these are roof areas, there are facades, there can be glass, there can be fences, there can also be huge photovoltaic installations in fields or even on water reservoirs. And every year these photovoltaic panels achieve higher and higher efficiency cli this technology this technique that is currently being developed when it comes to the design and construction of photovoltaic installations is constantly moving forward Therefore, the quality of the panels, the efficiency of the power values are getting higher, and photovoltaics also has a bit of d, which means, first of all, it needs a lot of surface. However, despite everything, its efficiency and performance are relatively low. Because the efficiency at the level of 20 PR is not a big deal, these 1000 hours in during the year of operation, this also means that it can be said that it is still treated by many Energy Engineers as a source that appears and disappears, does not produce electricity at night, has a limited production value on cloudy days during the winter months when the solar disk reaches solar washing to us is definitely less, the production of electricity from these sources is definitely lower, the stochastic nature of work, i.e. all the clouds roll across the sky, cause this photovoltaic installation, the voltage value that appears is very different and has limited regulatory capabilities in the power system yes, so here the power system operator can turn off this farm, it can cause this photovoltaic installation to be turned off, its power will be limited , but we are not able to ask this manufacturer, for example, to increase the power value in the power system, unlike conventional blocks. Where we can do it for a short period of time. overload, i.e. produce a little more energy than indicated on the nameplate, i.e. rated parameters, i.e. these are the disadvantages of the photovoltaic installation. But the world will move forward, I managed to find a solution that is a bit science fiction-like, and will perhaps make even the cloudy days or even those days when at night when we do not have access to solar radiation, thanks to the fact that we will put large mirrors somewhere in the solar orbit that will receive them, the solar radiation will be emitted in the form of some microwaves on the surface of the earth where it will be received and transmitted and sent to to our homes, who knows, maybe in 20 50 Maybe in 100 years, this type of installations will appear in space, just look at the fact that these are powerful mirrors, with a size of 2 and 5 km, so it will be a really huge technical challenge to put such an installation into space so that it can could work But who else at the beginning of the 20th century said that people would fly into space, that we would launch a satellite, it happened, so perhaps such an installation will also be built in our orbit in a dozen or so or several hundred years and will provide electricity in our PR homes, another source of wind farms when it comes to wind energy is, of course, we are talking about these traditional, primarily large wind farms whose efficiency results from the Bea curve, and it is said that the maximum efficiency we can achieve is less than 60%, but this structure wind farms is also relatively uncomplicated we have a tower we have a foundation towers we have propeller nacelles connected, of course, by a common shaft with a gearbox with a generator And we produce electricity in ours from our wind farm, the complexity is relatively small, of course, looking historically, the sizes of these wind farms are increasingly larger ones built on land, they currently have a capacity of 2.5 TR MW, the diameter of the windmill reaches up to 120 m, those built on the sea, at the moment, their capacity reaches up to 6 MW, much larger, the diameter of the windmill is 150 m. But it is said that in 2035, they will have a capacity of 17 MW with a wingspan of 250 m, so this increase in parameters, the increase in these sizes of these sources is really impressive, so the power generated from these power plants will also be more and more, and in fact they will be easier to replace these conventional sources, but not we can also forget about this small wind energy here, ladies and gentlemen, there are a lot of these construction solutions, from such small home wind farms, vertical, some strange shapes, screws, some drill bits, some resembling those traditional power plants, they can of course be mounted on roofs, they can be mounted somewhere on some lanterns on power poles can also be mounted on the ground on guy wires and it can be said that here too this small wind energy enters our space and more and more of this energy is produced from these small sources. In fact, now I think that such a project of financial support for these small wind sources, which will also allow the use of this wind energy in these small prosumer installations, but ladies and gentlemen, these wind farms, they also have their own limitations, it is known that if we have a huge, powerful wind farm at sea and the wind flows in a certain direction, then this the first wind is the maximum power . However, the remaining ones, which are already in this turbulence of this wind, produce less and less energy. None of us would probably like to live in such an area where we have houses and some buildings, we open the window and instead of a forest we see a forest, a windmill, but they still influence These units, these wind farms, affect the landscape a bit, so they are a dominant element in the landscape. Well, you could say, in a way, they also disfigure the landscape a bit, but their basic thing, which they should do, is also produce electricity, so we agree with the fact that we build these windmills. in our field, thanks to this, we are provided with increasingly greater energy security, but ladies and gentlemen, there is also all kinds of information circulating in public space about how dangerous these turbines can be, it cannot be hidden that when snow begins to appear, when ice begins to appear, these rotors these blades of these wind farms may also become iced when such a turbine starts. When it starts, these ice elements may, unfortunately, fly in the air, so it may happen that they damage an architectural element or fall near a person, i.e. this is an element that can it will happen, of course, it will probably happen once every few years and maybe forever, but it is also worth mentioning it, hence the distances from farm buildings to household buildings, which are currently at the level of 700 meters, this is the minimum distance at which we can stand Elon wind turbines are also built-in elements made of composites, therefore these propellers are exposed to significant overloads when there is a huge wind force, it may also be damaged, therefore such a wind will of course also require repairs apart from that, these are elements that have a whole C inside, mechanical gears, there is a generator, they are also exposed to lightning discharges and there are many situations that may arise, because it is from the very moment when this gear will break down. When will there be a short circuit in these electrical elements of the gondola, when a lightning discharge damages this power plant, it may also burst into flames, such a situation may happen, of course, these situations are also few, there will be more of them with the increase in the number of these windmills that will appear in our landscape space. Nevertheless, No. it is also worth mentioning that such situations may happen somewhere, an element that is also worth mentioning when it comes to the operation of wind farms is the noise they emit, this noise can be quite unbearable, perhaps it will not be noticeable during the day because it overlaps then the noise of our everyday life passing cars, planes and so on cli these distances are actually 5,600 meters this wind Yes during the day it will not be audible but at night When there is silence when this breeding car definitely slows down when we are sitting at home Yes we have an open window the noise of the working propeller can be quite bothersome, hence the distances that seem to be realistic, i.e. half a kilometer or so, and perhaps combining these distances with the noise generated by wind farms so that it meets these criteria – below 30 or so decibels so that it is not audible or that it was noise that is not unbearable to humans, hence it is worth mentioning that these wind farms, however, can cause quite effective noise in close proximity to everything. And ladies and gentlemen, the area covered by wind farms is significant. If we compared nuclear power, I know that in previous editions of these meetings with the Foundation, experts mentioned work on the construction of nuclear power plants, such a 1000 MW 1 GW power plant requires an area of about 3 square kilometers, relatively little, a wind farm needs this space to generate the same power 360 times more, we have to distribute these windmills in this space, either evenly or at such distances that one does not actually affect the other, that it does not limit its power production work, or this wind speed, so that there is a uniform photovoltaic farm for all these windmills, which is about 75 times more area in relation to for a nuclear power plant C, there are also disadvantages of both photovoltaic and wind power plants – huge surfaces that are required to produce or to generate an appropriate value of power, compared to, for example, a nuclear power plant And a problem that appeared quite recently, ladies and gentlemen, these wind farms are not eternal either coal plants, we have to dismantle them when we stop using such a coal block, i.e. concrete, we crush all the metal elements, we can melt them, it goes to the steelworks and is disposed of, so you can say to Green grass We dismantle it, there is no problem with it. However, the first dismantling of wind farms has already started, this is an example of the state of affairs desert in Arizona Where several dozen such windmill installations have been dismantled in the United States, it turns out that the construction of these windmill installations, i.e. the material from which they were built, does not allow their reuse, is problematic, their recycling is therefore a huge hole was dug it will be buried like this forever, it will remain somewhere under the sands of this desert. I guess we don’t want to see such pictures and it seems that this miracle of green energy is a bit like this. So it is disturbed by such activities, so we start to look at these renewable sources in the future as a problem that may appear, there will be a problem with the disposal of windmills, there will be a problem with the disposal of photovoltaic panels, which in a few dozen or so years, if we start taking them down, dismantling them, we will have to think about what to do with this waste, how to dispose of them, how to incorporate technology into it to make these panels photovoltaic energy could be disposed of in a safe way, especially for the environment. And now, speaking about the advantages of wind farms, of course it is pollution-free energy, it does not cause greenhouse gas emissions , looking at the production of the same energy from a windmill, but if we looked at the entire life cycle of a wind farm, i.e. from the moment of its construction, these CJ gas emissions will appear. Because we have to use the available conventional ones to create these propeller nacelles which are made of artificial conglomerates of various types, so which in the future may pose a big problem in the future when it comes to the relatively short construction time actually in Within a year or two, we will be able to build such a huge Folta photovoltaic farm, the possibility of supplying energy to Elie to the depth of the network, such a windmill that will support this power system at the point we have chosen, but it also has its drawbacks, a wind farm, i.e. the surface we mentioned, is the noise that is generated is, of course, an interference in the landscape Well, the power plants are visible, it is the relatively low efficiency of such individual installations, the tangential nature of the work is nevertheless weather-dependent, if there is no wind, g is a low speed that does not exceed d TR Met, this power plant does not work if the wind starts exceed 2025 m per second we have to turn it off for safety reasons , i.e. the nature of the work or the moment when it works with a small maximum power value they achieve at wind speeds of 12-15 m per second the average wind speed in Poland is about 45 and in our country in our climatic conditions, it can be said that these windmills almost never operate at maximum power And there are limited regulations in the energy system. So we can ask for a reduction in the power of such a single windmill, but it will be difficult for us to increase this power as in the case of, for example, a conventional power plant. and ladies and gentlemen, another renewable source, another source, you can say emission-free hydroelectric power plants here, when it comes to the development of hydropower, this history is very distant because some water facilities, some hydropower plants, for example in Poland, are over 100 years old and are still operating to this day, or to put it another way, they are Sources that, once built, well -built, can be said to be almost eternal. If they are well exploited, they can be built on rivers, they can also be built on water reservoirs where we can build a spring, we can build something like a small reservoir that regulates the amount of water supplied to us a little. this hydroelectric power plant can be huge water reservoirs, such as the dam in Solina, which is a huge reservoir that allows us to collect rainwater and flood water that may appear in spring, this power plant allows us to eliminate this flood phenomenon, so here we have to only have an efficient source of water, this power plant will work perfectly for us, and it is worth mentioning that we can also use reservoirs located somewhere near a mountain, i.e. build pumped storage hydroelectric power plants that also serve as electricity storage facilities in the power system – a very desirable source of these There are few hydroelectric power plants in our country , but at the moment they play a very important role as a stabilizer of the power system, they receive excess energy from a renewable energy source when there is too much energy, and they return this energy to the system when our weather-dependent sources are unfortunately not available. able to work in this power system, but ladies and gentlemen, apart from these large hydroelectric power plants, there are a whole lot of different types of solutions – small water turbines that can be operated on small watercourses – these are turbines, it is even said that they are Fish-friendly turbines that is, fish-friendly ones that do not cause fish to swim this way or that page they can in some way be hit by these water turbines or in what way they can be injured these small water turbines are of course built or can be built on small watercourses with small slopes and low power, so we can use this potential of water energy very much a very wide range of advantages of water turbines in hydropower in general , first of all, ladies and gentlemen, it is pollution-free energy, it does not cause gas emissions, but not entirely so, we will tell you in a moment also about the disadvantages, it has a stable nature of operation. Because the water is flowing, we can regulate it. If we can do so, it is possible to develop tourism in the vicinity . That is, if we create some small advantage, it does not prevent us from paddling our kayaks with our legs and practicing some water sports . why do they produce electricity, these turbine efficiencies of 0% do not pose any challenge, they can also serve as an energy storage, i.e. a very desirable source in the energy system. As for the disadvantages, they require large water reservoirs, relatively long construction time, construction lasts several or even a dozen or so years, high investment . investment, these are very expensive investments, but it is still an interference in the landscape. So here, first of all, environmental protection specialists can say that building such an engineering facility somewhere on a river does not affect the country, breaking the dam If it is a large dam, a large water reservoir may be catastrophic. Then, huge amounts of water appear and may flood the surrounding areas. It is said that this is an interference with the migration routes of fish. It is necessary to build fish passes. This means that the construction of hydroelectric power plants does not exempt us from preserving life in this river. that is, so that these fish can or have their rods sideways through some side waterway, bypassing the hydroelectric power plant, they also cause silting of reservoirs at such a dam, unfortunately, putrefactive processes appear there, therefore this m appears there, putrefactive processes appear there, therefore there is also methane emissions, yes, they are not entirely environmentally clean, they are not entirely emission-free, so here, however, the impact on the environment may be slightly greater. And the possibility of this emission of harmful methane, this very procession of dam reservoirs located in power plants, is a kind of disadvantage and challenge for those who hydroelectric power plants, exu, not entirely, it is also a zero-emission source of the country, another source whose role seems to be a bit underestimated in our country, which, for example in the German system, work perfectly there, more than 10,000 sources say that almost 10,000 biogas plants of various types operate in the German energy system there are their number There are definitely fewer of them in our country, or in other words, biogas power plants in countries with three basic types, the most common ones are, of course, agricultural biogas plants that require However, despite everything, quite large areas of agricultural crops from which we can later draw and use this substrate for biogas production, it is ideal solution when we have huge cattle or pig farms where we can use these residues to produce biomethane, here the ideal combination of this type of agricultural biogas plants is plant production, for example, such as ketchups, jams and so on, so we have some production plant from which there are remains of the production of this type of food products that we can use as input to an agricultural biogas plant or a combination of these two types of activity, while building an agricultural biogas plant We must remember one important thing as long as we are able to produce electricity and introduce into the energy system and sell it is not a major challenge, as in the process of producing this biogas, later electricity is produced in the engines that are most often used there. still huge amounts of heat, and here it is begging for this heat to be used effectively in some way, otherwise, having a plan, having a business plan. Is the idea of an agricultural biogas plant worth locating it in places where we will also be able to sell this heat, for example to local residents or the surrounding area? the company we cooperate with, whether it will be a plant producing some purees, concentrates, whether it will be a distillery or anything else, if it utilizes our heat, then this business will be even more profitable. Nevertheless, these are solutions that are used around the world, there are more and more of them, I hope that this technology will also develop in Poland because this potential. When it comes to the possibilities of using these agricultural residues, it is really huge. Next, when it comes to the possibilities of using biogas, there are biogas plants built on garbage dumps. Ladies and gentlemen, we also have quite a lot of these garbage dumps, they dump this garbage on we are aware of these landfills, we should be aware of the fact that hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, i.e. gases that are harmful to the environment, will soon be produced there, therefore there is a need to degasse such a landfill, it can be done in two ways, first if it is a small landfill garbage from which electricity cannot be generated Well, the easiest way is to build these wells collecting this methane and burn this methane in the so-called proverbial candle in order to produce methane gas from it, which, however, is less harmful to the environment or if it is this is a large managed waste landfill, try to collect this methane, of course, clean it properly, prepare it for the combustion process, burn it in a gas engine, generate electricity, generate heat, so we also have the opportunity to utilize the remnants of this methane that are produced naturally in waste landfills, and so they should these landfills should all be managed so that the methane produced there can actually be utilized for energy purposes. And one more technique related to the possibility of using methane from biogas plants, these are biogas plants at sewage treatment plants, and the sewage treatment plant must have an appropriate amount of this sewage which are delivered within 24 hours, an example of large cities such as Poznań, where this sewage treatment plant functions perfectly. Besides, it can be said that Poznań is quite an interesting case because we have both agricultural biogas at the sewage treatment plant due to garbage and not far from Poznań in the town of Przybroda University of Life Sciences professor dach, who was heavily involved in this, built an agricultural biogas plant We have all three types of biogas plants, the distance is almost 20 km, i.e. When you come to Poznań you can visit all three facilities almost at the same time and get acquainted with this technology. Agricultural biogas plant, of course, the sewage treatment plant, here also this one. the substrate, i.e. the fermentation process, the residues that have been purified can be used to produce biogas, all the electricity can be utilized in the plant, i.e. the biogas plant itself, the heat that is produced in the cogeneration system can also be used in the fermentation processes in this agricultural biogas plant, in other words, it is as follows: a bit almost that perpetual motion C, we can utilize all the energy produced from the biogas we produce on the site of this biogas plant at the sewage treatment plant. there are a lot of advantages when it comes to biogas plants – energy production in a biogas plant in a friendly way , because we eliminate the methane that could escape into the atmosphere, we try it we try to collect it, we try to burn it, process it into coal. In other words, however, the emissivity of this biogas plant is methane, this carbon pool is emitted in the process of biogas production, methane emissions into the atmosphere are several times smaller than in the case of energy production using other methods. The biogas plant contributes to the reduction of the number of landfills. garbage waste is recycled no enter the environment, for the cultivation of energy crops, poor-quality arable soil is sufficient. If we have crops dedicated to agricultural biogas plants, many raw materials can be used to produce biogas. Here, the soil may be of poor quality. To produce this biogas, it is based primarily on biochemical processes. the presence of chemicals that threaten the environment is not necessary, the chambers where these biochemical transformations take place are tightly closed, i.e. there is the smell that is said to be associated with agricultural biogas, unfortunately it does not smell very nice, it does not come from the fermentation chamber, it most often comes from the chamber to which the gas is fed. there are substrates, but these unpleasant odors are in fact not very noticeable, yes. At a distance of 50-100 meters, these virtually unstable nature of work can also serve as an energy storage because the methane produced in this agricultural biogas plant can be stored, constant access to this organic fuel is necessary. production must be properly supervised, controlled and so on C these are the countries and it is said about it Moving on to the next source, is it said that perhaps in the future there will be electromobility, i.e. our electric cars which at the moment there are few of them but if there are more and more, if there are millions of them, they will constitute a kind of rolling energy storage, let’s try to check if this is actually the case, if it can be possible, of course, electromobility will be a green rolling storage facility, provided that the energy we produce will be powered by these charging points and these batteries it will also be Green Energy. That is, if we produce this energy in a sustainable way from emission-free sources, our cars will also be actually emission-free. the structure is very simple, it is an energy store in the form of a battery, an electric motor, a converter, a drive, and this car is already running and structurally, these are definitely more simple devices than internal combustion cars, emission-free renewable energy sources are also increasingly used to charge them, in the form of, for example, courts built from photovoltaic installations with an energy storage with a battery that allows us to power these cars. They are also building or trying to use these installations. photovoltaic That is, the photovoltaic panels themselves and also in the structure of the car itself – of course, their efficiency is low, but how can such a system support the operation of these installations inside this electric car ? That is, some such support systems, such as maintenance, ignition switches, etc., i.e., these computer systems, this type of installations they can also be an excellent support for the car itself. When it comes to this installation inside an electric vehicle, but ladies and gentlemen, electromobility also presents challenges and dilemmas, because this dilemma will be the location of the charging stations, it is said that many of these charging stations will be needed, the small ones, of course, located somewhere in single-family houses near office buildings in single-family buildings they will allow charging, but it will be with low power for a long time, the higher the charging power, the shorter the time, but of course we will have to have this power available in the power system , i.e. the construction of such a huge station with a power of 350 kW and larger with one charging point and we should have at least a few or a dozen of these points, then from kilowatts to megaw, that is, such Charging stations will need at least several megawatts of power This power will have to be available unlimited access time, i.e. it will have to be this energy available at these stations continuously so that we can only charge for a short period of time and continue our journey. And now the question is whether to build one station with a powerful power and then we wait in the queue committee for 10, 15, 20 minutes, half an hour or even an hour to be charged. or scatter these charging points and build an unlimited number, i.e. a lot of them small powers, it seems that both in this energy system, in order to talk about perfect electromobility, they will be needed, they will be necessary, i.e., we will need even more of the energy needed in the future, but ladies and gentlemen, what is happening is already being talked about that this energy crisis will cause some kind of restrictions in access to charging electric vehicles already in 2022. Switzerland has tested or tried to introduce such solutions that at certain hours such emergency plans were planned banning driving and charging electric vehicles. Well, we would not want that However, we would like to travel continuously, from place a to place b, so that no one tells us that you won’t be charged at this time because there will be no energy in the system. A similar situation took place in Germany. Was this also the case in Great Britain? years 2122, when it was introduced , it was already said that they would be limited. Freedom regarding charging electric vehicles will be limited. Chargers will be turned off during the day. The same situation in the United States. California. United States , when California was struggling with the great availability of electricity, temporary bans were introduced, bans on charging electric vehicles, and Great Britain this year, February 2024, the Netherlands also introduced such restrictions. So it is already said that in this small country in in the event that there will be a lot of these electric cars and the demand for energy will be huge, restrictions will be introduced in the supply of electricity. What about in Poland? In Poland, ladies and gentlemen. Let ‘s look at large housing estates, for example. The inhabitants of these blocks will also want to have chargers for electric cars, but will there be enough? this energy for everyone, including one of the managers of housing communities in Warsaw says that if these electric cars were to become more popular, in the largest communities which have 500,700 apartments. This connection capacity is currently enough only for a few or a dozen chargers, so this energy may be too little, or in other words, the development of electromobility is very fast, while the development of the power grid The development of technology is definitely slower and there may be such a moment also in our country when electric vehicles Well, they will not be able to charge because there will be no PR of the state, many factors should be be taken into account when designating places that are to provide charging points, first of all, they must be visible, they must be accessible, there must be a demand for these charging points, they must take into account the traffic of pedestrians and cyclists, the possibility of access to other infrastructure, sometimes an emergency garbage truck must enter the estate, i.e. these points charging cannot be set randomly, they cannot affect the road network, they must be accessible also to people with disabilities, people with disabilities also have a prejudice towards electric vehicles. And now is the moment when a person with disabilities will want to charge their electric vehicle. the charger must make it available to him, so it must be located in such a place that this person with this disability will be able to reach this charger thanks to the availability of the power grid and here, first of all, the role of distribution network operators is to develop this network much more, which will be expensive, which will be expensive and time-consuming and ladies and gentlemen, when we talk about all these renewable energy sources, electromobility, photovoltaic, wind farms, we cannot fail to mention the raw materials needed for their construction. And ladies and gentlemen, this is a bit of a problem with these raw materials, because according to various studies, including, among others, the research of the International Atomic Energy Agency, which among the Energy agencies that say that such a conventional vehicle actually needs a little bit of copper, iron and manganese in small amounts, while an electric vehicle Well, it is not more colorful, you need copper, lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt, graphite, chromium, lime, zinc, silicones and many many other elements, i.e. there are much more of these elements. Likewise, when it comes to gas-fired coal-fired power plants or nuclear power plants, the share of elements is relatively small, but already in photovoltaic power plants Is the share of rare earth elements much higher in wind power plants? In other words, these are power plants that still need metals. And ladies and gentlemen, according to inter-energy agencies. A typical car with a combustion engine is 22 kg of copper and 11 manganese, but this electric vehicle that’s 53 kg of copper, almost 40 kg of nickel, 25 kg of manganese, 13 cobalt, 9 almost lithium, 63 graphite, i.e. quite a lot of rare earth metals, ladies and gentlemen, these rare earth metals do not grow into trees, we have to extract them in the same way as we extract coal and oil. or gas, i.e. the mining industry that will extract these metals also faces a huge challenge because these are raw materials, they are not large-scale raw materials, as the name suggests, zivka metals, i.e. they occur in nature, there are a lot of them, but they are very dispersed, or in other words, to concentrate them in the soil definitely less, you have to extract 100 tons of rock to obtain a ton of a specific raw material from which [Music] you can extract many others, ladies and gentlemen, when we extract them, we extract them in the same way as coal. So when we say that these sources are emission-free, these green sources are ecological, we are probably fooling ourselves a bit because, however, we still have to get to the depths of the earth, either by open-pit or any other method, to extract these elements and a few such examples: nickel, the main component of batteries in electric vehicles, is mined somewhere in Indonesia, the Philippines, i.e. we have to cut down the rainforests of Indonesia, the Philippines, but remove the top layer of them. soil in order to extract this element that is needed for electromobility for green energy And these are rainforests that play an important role in the fight against climate change, another example lithium, over half of the world’s lithium resources are the countries of South America, i.e. Chile Argentina Bolivia lithium occurs in areas which are very dry where there is not much access to water, which complicates the extraction process because for each tonne of lithium produced we need d million liters of water and, as I mentioned earlier, this is an area that is generally dry, so here we also cause water contamination of the soil and lowering the groundwater level another example Cobalt, according to the European Commission, in the next decade C, in the next 10 years, the demand for this raw material will increase to approximately 10 percent on average per year. Especially in the electromobility industry, 60 global selections of this cobal are currently being put into production, these are lithium-ion batteries, over 1/ 3 of them are used in electric cars Where is it mined, primarily the Republic of the Congo Canada Indonesia and the Congo is the leader in the production of this metal, it is responsible for over 70 percent of global production and this metal is mined manually and is extracted by children who have 10 12 15 years well, we wouldn’t want it to be like this, to be this model of this green energy, another element, copper, here, of course, copper is also used in the traditional energy industry. However, the way of extraction, for example from these open-pit mines, is harmful to the environment here we also have to remove the upper layers of soil we remove Animal habitats we have an impact on groundwater the largest producers Peru the Democratic Republic of the Congo and China in fifth place United States In other words, these critical elements will be of decisive importance in the future development of these renewable, emission-free energy sources, there will be an increasing need for them but they also have an impact on the environment, so in this entire technological sequence, their share will be significant, ladies and gentlemen, the next challenge that appears is that, unfortunately, China is the country that dominates in production cobalt nickel lithium batteries certain types of elements for these batteries or electrolyzers this world market has been taken over by China 50 70 even in some cases 90 percent, therefore we are very dependent on another supplier, so there is also a bit of such a danger because this one supplier may at some point turn off the supply tap and say I have everything for my needs And you, if you want, you have to buy from me, I dictate the price So this is also a moment of crisis that is worth paying attention to Well, ladies and gentlemen, one thing It seems from more interesting sources on luck is also treated as emission-free, i.e. nuclear energy, I know that this was also discussed in one of the panels of the foundation that was mentioned, I will only briefly talk about nuclear energy, as I see it, there are currently over 440 units or nuclear power plants under construction, over 50 research plants over 200 years it is said that nuclear energy is experiencing another renaissance and it seems that it is one of the most interesting sources when it comes to the production of electricity, a structure that has been mastered for 10 years and has been developed since the 1950s despite the disasters that happened here mmy about Island mmy about Chernobyl, also about Fukushima, each time nature or technology let us know that we should think more about the safety of operation of these nuclear power plants, the conventional part is the same as in conventional power plants , i.e. the turbine, the generator, the cooling system, the only difference is the heat source , the nuclear heat source in which it is used. when it comes to the design process itself, for many years these projects have ensured, first of all, much greater safety. That is, we have multiplication of safety systems, differentiation of those systems that perform the same functions, spatial separation of systems with all the same functions, significant automation of processes important for safety , i.e. elimination of the most the factor that may pose the greatest threat, i.e. humans, because we are the most unreliable element in this nuclear power plant, the entire system of passive and active safety systems, from the cooling system, water tank casings, emergency flooding systems, through these safety rods, called poisons, shadow valves, and so on. Are these there are more and more safety barriers in this nuclear energy, therefore, the nuclear blocks that are being built are now more expensive, this is because we want them to be safe, hence their price, this construction time, which allows for each each element at any time during the construction of such a nuclear block, carry out appropriate inspections, check to verify whether everything is actually implemented in accordance with the design. One of the most interesting solutions is the melting of the molten core, which in the event of even such a catastrophic failure associated with this very danger of melting the core causes its proper disposal by closing it in this tank and these radioactive substances will not escape outside. Speaking of radioactive substances, this is probably the only disadvantage of nuclear power plants because we have to extract uranium as an element that is used to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant to produce heat, and then after working in a nuclear power plant, these fuel rods with Uranium and many other elements that appear during the operation of this nuclear reactor, which are equally dangerous radioactively, we have to store this nuclear fuel properly, i.e. first it goes to the pool right next to the power plant, next to the reactor, then at the ANM power plant And then we have to store it. For example, this happens in several cases where it ends up in dry storage after many years, where we have to constantly monitor it. Nothing comes out of these tanks or these fuel tanks. So we try to deal with it somehow. that is, we are building a great example, for example Finland or Sweden, where such large depots of spent nuclear fuel are being built, which are located deep underground in areas that are free from whiskers. seismic, free from water access, where the used nuclear fuel will be encased in concrete forever and we will no longer have access to it, it is said that further nuclear technologies in the future may allow the use of this hitherto unused nuclear fuel, it must be remembered that However, despite everything, there is a bit of uranium in these screws, these fuel belts, so we are throwing in material that could still be used for energy purposes, and perhaps the new technologies that will appear soon will allow the full use of this nuclear energy, just an example of such a project. landfill built in Fin PR state advantages of nuclear power plants emission-free technology because in fact nothing is released into the atmosphere we do not emit any dust or gases the energy produced from these sources is relatively cheap they work stably in the system energy medicine they work for 60 years small area energy independence safe operation But it also has disadvantages construction construction cost radioactive waste and accidents can have serious consequences but ladies and gentlemen, is Europe afraid and the world is afraid of nuclear energy not here is the example of several countries Where animals graze near the nuclear power plant Where are the plantations growing I don’t know rapeseed corn and many others other cereals, the example of France, Korea and Slovakia, people near nuclear power plants bathe in the sea, the example of Spain, Taiwan or California, therefore, why are we afraid of nuclear energy? Probably because we are afraid of what we don’t know, as Don Brown said, if we know this technology, we will allow get used to this technology, maybe this will be the future, also this energy, one of these sources, emission-free, ladies and gentlemen, the answer to the question we asked ourselves at the beginning, how to effectively combine all these energy sources, it seems to be one of such ideas because it is not unique , but one of such ideas will be the construction of such virtual power plants, i.e. connecting several dozen small wind sources, photovoltaic biogas plants, hydropower plants, which will be connected in the center by the system operator as one available source with this power grid , knowledge about what is energy demand How much energy can we produce at a given moment, having data on, for example, weather forecasts or demand from consumers, at this one point, at this one control center, it will be possible to connect these small sources, this virtual power plant, which will be seen by the operator as this one point a power plant that will be controlled, that will be stable, that will be, first of all, predicted in terms of energy production from this source and let me briefly summarize this in terms of low-emission sources or the possibility of transforming these conventional sources into emission-free ones and combining different sources energy this new new energy mix Thank you very much, doctor, for a very broad lecture and an overview of all emission-free energy sources that are available now and that will be used by humanity in the future , it was a very fascinating experience and an excellent summary of what we have already talked about at previous meetings in this series, I particularly liked this panel for controlling and mixing different sources depending on their advantages for current use in the power grid, we have two questions, let me read the first one, when it comes to photovoltaic panels, what percentage of private people have share in installed capacity And what percentage of state investments Well, in general, large corporations, possibly, or something on this topic Can the doctor answer? From what I know from the latest data, at the moment we probably have almost a million 400 thousand photovoltaic installations, of which a significant definitely significant share These are prosumer installations, these are small home installations, there are over 90 of them, considering the amount of power installed However, when it comes to this power, speaking about the number of sources . However, when it comes to the installed power, I don’t want to lie , but it seems to me that about 80% of the energy that comes from installations of this power installed in photovoltaic installations are these private installations with it is worth mentioning that the private ones are often installed, for example, by production plants, i.e. a little more power, but it is in fact a private installation, it is not state-owned, it is not built by these large giants, the largest ones in terms of the industry, the energy industry also here we, as a society, have built this fragment of this energy mix. the second question regarding the quality of installation of installations on the roof. Could the state regulate some certification system for construction companies that undertake such work? Could it improve safety if we want to increase the scale of use of photovoltaic panels in single-family houses? that is, the question is whether the state will somehow or could certify zzy. In general, ladies and gentlemen, it can be said that the state certifies it in a certain way, because in order to carry out such a photovoltaic installation, a project is necessary, the project can only be done by a person with permissions, i.e. a person who has appropriate qualifications in the profession electrical installations, i.e. a licensed electrician, maybe such a project, can design such an installation in terms of workmanship. Here the situation is a bit different, because at one time we lacked installers of photovoltaic installations, so someone probably got involved for a while after a short weekly session, because they also have places by, of course, certified companies. Such a person receives a document confirming that he is a certified installer of photovoltaic installations. And now only his good will, so to speak, his skills and the number of installations performed will prove how these installations are actually performed However, here there is also a role and an important role, first of all, of investors. So if I, as a private person, employ a company, I would like the company to provide me with references from at least a dozen such installations that have been performed, have been performed in a legal manner, and that they have been done according to the art. engineering on components that have appropriate certificates and then I have a greater or lesser but I assume greater awareness that it was done well, there are always mistakes in the art of engineering, we are all human and no mistakes are made only those who do nothing generally can to say that almost 100% of these installations were made correctly. Sometimes there are some construction errors, I wouldn’t like to talk about it so as not to scare someone somewhere, but sometimes it is worth employing at least a specialist who will look with such a reliable eye at what has been done so that the company that performed our installation corrected these errors at this stage before handing over this installation Doge Thank you very much for the answers to these questions I don’t see any more questions in the chat or on YouTube I am also surrounded by a certain control panel here I have a model of an electric combustion engine with me I have a fan outside I have photovoltaic panel, I also have the option of powering an ecological bicycle that generates electricity with my own muscles. We will discuss this at the next few workshop meetings. I invite you to participate in the first workshop, which will take place at 1:30 p.m. and will address the problem of transforming conventional sources into emission-free ones through gradual reduction of emissions from these sources and pollution in general, such as the transition from combustion engines to electric ones. What are the problems, as we found out? And what will be the costs of the next workshop at 3 p.m. At this moment, I would like to thank our guest lecturer for this workshop probably 1:30 p.m., from what I have here, 1:30 p.m. very much you are cordially invited and I would like to thank you for your participation and I cordially invite you to watch our website on YouTube www.youtube.com Eureka Foundation Thank you, goodbye, ladies and gentlemen