Dr. Françoise Burel, CNRS, Université de Rennes, joined Pat Murphy, Head of Environment KT, on this week’s podcast version of the Signpost Series to discuss Hedgerows and Hedgerow Networks Biodiversity.
A questions and answers session took place at the end of the webinar, which was facilitated by Catherine Keena, Teagasc Countryside Management Specialist.
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Hello my name is Mark Gibson and you’re listening to the podcast version of the Chagas signpost series a weekly webinar that promotes and examines sustainability in Irish farming welcome to this morning’s signpost webinar my name is Pat Murphy head of environment knowledge transfer with with chisk and
Our uh web SOS webinar series is brought to you in conjunction with dairy suain ability Ireland national rural Network and food drink Ireland skill Nets uh this morning we’re delighted to be joined by uh France Burell from the uh uh who is a researcher with the national
Center for for scientific re research uh she’s based in Britany and a lot of our work has been uh on hedge R and HED R Management in in in Britany uh France you’re really welcome to join us here this morning thank you very much I am
Happy to be yeah okay and this morning’s uh webinar is kind of the final event of of our hedge roll week and and Katherine this is I think our third HED year of having a hedro week am I right on that fourth pass fourth okay time FES when
You’re having fun yeah okay and and I suppose um uh I think it looking around the country our efforts in relation to the management of HRS are beginning to to pay dividends you’re beginning to see I think changes in the way hedge RS are managed we have a long way to go
Um FR was uh Britany is a part of the world where we have a lot of association with from from Ireland we associate our farming systems to be very similar and our landscape to be somewhat similar and I know you have uh in your presentation you outlining as well some of those
Similarities and and maybe some of the contrasts yes so I am for bu and as you said I am working at the national Center for scientific research in Ren and I am a landscape ecologist who devoted the M the most of his of our career looking at the relationship between landscape
Structure and Dynamics and biodiversity in agricultural Landscapes and my study sites were mainly hetro Network landscapes in Britany and all over the world one has to know that in France two thirds of the hos were removed since the half of the last century as you can see
On these photographs going from 1950s on the upper left to 20 to 20 2010 on the bottom right and currently still 11,500 kilomet of hro disappear each year while only 3,500 kilom of planted there is want us to realize that there is a high diversity of Ed all over
The world and the Ed def by the nature of the trees that are present in in them and for example here you have in Normandy the was dominated by Oak and Chestnut right in some part of France you are uh show dominated by CICS and they differ also by the management techniques
That are used to manage them and you have here some some HED RS with high trees and you have also hedge RS with only the shrub layer when looking at the H individually one has to remember that it can be considered as an ecological to of Babel which means that
The hro may may be used as Refuge site of reproduction site of feeding site and hibernation site and this means that a lot of plants and animals can use the HED during total all or only part of their life cycle and this is due to the diversity of sites that are present in
HED from ditch Bank a layer shrub layer tree layer micro habitats for rocks and roots and the most of the time the presence of the grassy strips adjacent to the Hedge R so all these different habitats concentrated in hedgeh permit to offer different habitats to different to a lot of different
Species those plant species are from diverse Origins and when a hro is bordered by crops weeds can colonize heds from when it’s bordered by a woodlet for species colonize Hol and when is bordered by a grass grasson species iiz Edge RS we looked at the factors that can
Explain the diversity of plants in hedge and we found a quite a lot of different factors the first one being and the less important being the Local H structure the fact that you have a shrub layer tree layer or Not Another important factor is the nature of the adjacent
Field as we I’ve seen before it can explain the colonization by plant species the but the most important factor is the landscape context which means the quality of the hro network is it dance or Spar and another important point of course is the type of farmer
The type of farming system it decided to to to do in this landscape biodiversity of the hro is also linked to the management of the hro so where the the far the farmers used to manage the vegetation of HED so for the management of the herbus layer you may
Have mowing like on the left you may have trampling brazing use of herbicide and when looking at the Rel ship between hro management and adjacent land use it maybe we show that if heds are bordered by tempor tempor grassland or permanent grassland it’s mainly grazing that is used by the
Farmers while when it is bordered by crops being cereals or maze is mainly herbicide and this this survey was done uh 20 years ago now aide is not used anymore but it’s mainly mowing for the management of the tree Laya is really used to the uses of
The the wood that is done in E region and for example here you have what is done in Z area where where the branches belong to the farmers and the trunk to the owners and so the branches were cut all over all along the the trunks uh
Every 9 to 12 years and with different typ of types of equipments as you can see here this is a really a characteristic of the natural network of one area and in other areas you have Al other uses as for example the poed of iron trees in Northeast France another important point
For to explain the vegetation diversity of os is the look is to look at the farming system and here we compared in blue the species diversity of plants in conventional agriculture while in be you have the in Bown you have the species diversity in uh organic agriculture
Which is higher than in the precedent farming system and this can be explained by the fact that in organic farming system the community of weeds is Rich and abundant and can dispers towards the hro but something which is important and that we realized a long time ago is that
The biodiversity in the atro network in the atro network does not depend only on the quality and nature of the Ed single Edo but on the fact that this Edge is included in a network of different Ed that are connected to each other and for that we first compared different
Landscapes in in Northern Britany going from unit landscape units with around 100 m perar of Ed Ro toward landscape unit with only five 50 m per hect of hro and when we looked at the differences in the communities uh in this along this radiant of landscape
Units we realize that for some spe some groups of species mainly de there is a lot of species going from Dan Cal Network to to more open ones for some species like The carabid Beetles there is about no difference in the number of species but it’s a difference in the
Nature of the species present there is a replacement of species and for some other like small mammals and ning bir there are about no differences neither in the number of species or in the nature of the species present if we to explain this we looked at the
The at the species at some species of Thea and this is the case of an species from theia genus and you may see in this slide that they use different landscape elements to fulfill their life cycle they use Open Water for males to swarm they use vertical vegetation structure
For females to swarm and for fundation and then they use nondisturbed cells for the development of the lar so this spe individuals of the species needs these three elements of the Landscapes to fulfill their life cycle and if these three elements are distant from each other which is the case when
Head shows are removed from the landscape the small species with small Wings cannot reach the different landscape element they need so they disappear from the the landscape and in dense edro landscape you have small species and all other all other species and in Spar edro landscape this small species disappear for the carabis
Species and you have here three different landscape from landscape a with danro network to landscape C with a sparse hedro Network in landscape a in the hos of landscape a most of the species are as you see in Green in the circle here Forest species while in landscape sea even if you get
You get a hro with dance dance vegetation most of the species are open species or crop species so there is a shift in the nature of species from landscape a to landscape C and in open Landscapes we have many species which fly and reproduce in Spring while in fine grain
Atal Network landscape species work and reproduce in Autumn and these are mainly for species if we look now at the group of species that do not vary along the gradient of opening of the landscape we looked at we simple small Ms in dense and more open landscape and the more open
Landscape adjacent to the at Network landscape was the P area we found that the species where the of rodents and iner small mammals was the same in the three Landscapes but we we showed that the shanon diversity and insect index so the diversity of species was lower in the PO
Area with the increasing importance of of one of one species of uh of crop area if we look now at the biomass of the of the small mamers in HED we found that at the scale of the single edge the level of a single edge the biomass were more
Important in the poer while at the landcape scale the biomass was much higher in the dense Edge Network than in the intermediate one and then in the B we’re looking at physiology of species we found also that there are differences according to the structure of the landscape and for uh parit for for
Example we showed that as in the open landscape extreme temperatures are more contractive that in fine grin Landscapes the parasitoids from open landscape are more thot tolerance with higher phys physiological costs while those why those in kind Landscapes are less thermotolerant and looking at the factors that explain biodiversity it’s
Important to realize that not only the seminatural areas are important but also what is present in the in the field Mosaic and for example you have here for these uh uh positive correlation of the number of species with the quantity of seminatural habitats while for bugs the number of
Species increases with the diversity of crops but what one has to go to realize that the for biodiversity the movement is important in Agri in Landscapes and that fishes do not move at random for example here in this for this fishes of caribes back pared you have meta population which means that a
Local po small local population are installed in Wood lots and some in and intersection of Hedon and as this population are sub submitted to uh extension the you have individuals to which reconize extinct population and they use hedr as corridors of dispersal the efficiency of the of the hros as
Corridor of this dispersor depends upon the structure of their spe their vegetation the the movements are slow and not very important when you have a sparse vegetation they are more important when you have a dense vegetation and even more important when you have a Green Lane or which means a
Lane bordered by two parallel heds and for this movements it’s important also to realize that connectivity between hedgeh is important to ensure this kind of movement and the green lenses are really key elements of our Landscapes the because you can find in them High a high abundance of forest species they act as
Corridors and favor movement and they have a positive role on population Dynamics but it’s important also to realize that the same hedge RS are barri for some butterfly species and for example for this blue butterfly Leandra Bagus for which even low heds are obstacles one thing is important Al so
As we have a dynamic landscape with disappearance of Ed r as you have here in this area between 1947 and 2003 that the presence of of species in Ed may be the resultant of colonization a long time ago and our and the distribution of these species osma Elita
Is more important when the hro network was done was done sorry some decades ago now looking at the role of biodiversity in this ecosystem we I we we look first at the pollination service which is uh done by many by bees which you have social species but
Also solitary species with uh eight more than 800 species in France those species are so nesting small size and highly specialized and we are shown that there is a positive role of the hro network densities on be species richness which is shown here by a comparison of different landscape uniques from fine
Grain Landscapes to grain landscape the grain of the landscape being the the size of the average match of crops surrounded crops of grassland surrounding by hch and you may see on this graphs that the number of species of solidary be decreases as you go from fine grain landscape to cor grain
Landscape landscape structure has also a role on the service of biological control control of a bivor by parasitoids or Predators it has been shown for example that going from a a landscape with high proportion of non-rop areas to Landscapes more open landscape that the number of species of predators such as
Carabids SIDS and spiders increases when you go from when you increase the percentage of seminatural elements in the landscape looking as far as to now it’s this is a work by T and collaborators and they are shown that when you look at uh all seed R production the main uh enemy is a
Medicated enus which is parit parasitized by two Ito Theus eoser and fris intertial and when you look at the rate of heror so the rate of of the the importance of the damages by the mives that the rate of aery decrease while the noncrop area increases that’s the total
Parasitism by the two species of parasitoids in inrees while the noncrop area increases and the population of these two parit to increase when the noncrop area increases and this is due to the fact that the parito species find resources in non-rop areas which permit to increase their population another
Example of biological at the control at the landscape level is a planting of diverse Ed in Southeastern France to control PID which makes economic important economical damages to the production of pure fruits plant diverse edos are planted around P oras to favor the development of beneficial insects
Which impact Pest and the diversity of plant species attract Diversified and active beneficial impact and for this the farmers do not have to re to fulfill these elements first do not use species that cuse diseases or crop best plant resource species which are able to host or feed beneficial which
Can be flowing trees which provide food to insects or Evergreen species which provide winter shelter and then to provide all year long a continuous succession of habitat and food species these practices are done by many peer of food producers in this area another ecosystem service is a wood production for poles Timber
Firewood the production of foda which can which is done all over the the world from eador here to the central part of France and also ecosystem service which is well known is a Windbreak service here you have a wind break in Hungary where they have been planted to protect crops another example another
Ecosystem service is the regulation regulation of water fluxes with a network of ditches which are adjacent to hedgeh related to this control of water fluxes there is RO as erosion control with mainly head shows perpendicular to the to the slope which stop the fluxes of
Particles of so and also a role on the control of water quality as for here for nitrates in Britany which is a very important environmental problem we have shown then water shades with a lot of buer zone of seminatural areas and mainly Ed the quantity of nitrate is at
The exit of the water shed is lower when you have as in a a lot of buone than in W shed and when you have only a few edos and a few boson with all these elements with all this knowledge on edos some policies have been implemented uh in Europe to fa
Biodiversity in edro network Landscapes and this is the case of the areas of ecological compensation that are implemented in Switzerland and there have been a survey of the effect of this area of ecological compensation five years after their implementation and it it what was surveyed was the butterflies community
And the authors are shown that the butterflies communities benefit benefit from ecological composition areas these ecological compensation areas being grassy strips mainly grassy strips and heds that the specialized species and threatened species of butterflies like this species of codu ala are favored and another point which is important and what we have seen
For the movement of species is the location the place in the landscape is important and what is important is the connectivity to other seminatural areas to permit the colonization of these new planted seminatural areas and I thank you for your attention thank you very much France w we have a good number of
Questions coming in there uh and just to to put your questions for France was in the in the Q&A as was a a couple of things that that uh strikes me is is the very broad range of of ecosystem services that are being delivered by the the the uh hedge R uh
And I suppose one question is is there a growing realization in France of the importance or or is that something that you’re only just beginning to get across to people at this point yes well since since since some time now yes especially for for well it depends in the areas but for
Instance in Britany the control of water fluxes is of importance now for for several decades biodiversity came later and uh but wind breaks and new Ed R have been planted since the 1970s okay Katherine you want to and perhaps I can introduce I I recognize him Jack Jack baldry another expert in
In hedge R they um a unique pair H so you’re welcome Jack and please stay with us you very much yeah um we get double the Value Pat for what absolutely yeah yeah um there’s a number of questions relating to Ireland but I’ll go back to
I I’ll ask the the the the ones relevant to Fran and Jack first um a comment and a question the very striking removal rates for hedges in France unfort fortunately mirror very high ongoing removal in Ireland estimates vary from 2,000 to 6,000 kilm per year an extraordinary figure question for um the
French people what measures are being adopted to try to counteract removal at the in France a key measure is within the uh the urban planning the municipalities have to to plan for for l for line use where where to build houses and within within that
Well we have we have a policy of blue and green infrastructure within this urban planning and uh so UL can be protected protected as key elements but uh also the most of the municipalities have a provision where if Farmers want to remove edge RS they have to ask
Permission uh so that uh so it’s there are discussion and there can be allowed to to remove Ed R but they have to replant some somewhere else and most of the time they have to PL twice the length they remove okay and know municipality where they want to to
Go up to three times if it’s the removal take place in a in an area where the draws are very few the problem is then to enforce this policy because it’s not very easy uh well but uh but it’s really coming now and the farmers are aware of that and uh
And there’s also the fact that for Farmers they want to improve their image so very similar to here I think is is is the the answer um a question um I read the comment first in terms of management cassing and by coping we mean cutting
Off at the buts will be part of our new Acres Agri environment scheme with a payment for up to 400 meters per Farm um would you and and obviously that’s kind of dramatic for a few years albe it you know a good hedge um ensues after a few years but
The it’s just the question is could you comment on is it wiser for the length of hedg to be cassed to be a percentage of the Farm’s total length of hedro rather than a set amount that anybody can do yes I think that would be a good good
Point to have a percentage of the length of the farm yeah especially possibly at the one time know yeah yeah but obviously that can be difficult within schemes but as a as a uh as a principle that’s a good principle yeah okay um as a response to Ash dieback would
Poing of Ash help to reduce uh tree removal from Irish hedge R and buy time for some mature trees um Ash dback any comments on how to manage that in Hedges no no no no we we no not so much that that’s fine we have we have very few networks where
Ashes are are are dominant they we have we had mostly ash trees around the Farms because it was a f but we don’t have large extent of so not as big an issue as for us um what about rights of way in France you showed some lovely um you
Know Green corridors there but are these um have do they have extra protection you know which for the HED no where they are rights of way of public yeah true that true the country that okay that’s fine um what me see um yeah in your view your expert view how long
Do you estimate it takes a newly planted hedge to replace the biodiversity and carbon if you know a value of an old hedge so new versus old how long how long it depends of what you are interested in we looked at the colonization of new pled HS by carabid Beatles and we found
That after just a few years maybe five to 10 years carabid bit Forest carabid beos are able to colonize the new planted headed but if you are in if you if they are connected to Wood lot or another old Edo and if you are interested in holes in trees
It may last for few decades okay so it yeah it varies with what you’re talking about regarding the green Lanes how far apart you know would the hedges need to be or how near or how close to get the optimal effect you know how wide or how
Narrow can a Green Lane be to have that superb value that you spoke about we didn’t look at it very closely but I think that uh 10 m is okay yeah brilliant are older Hedges given greater recognition no no not in France no um uh H great to see scientific results
To back up the importance of hedges for biodiversity and Agriculture and I totally reiterate that I think it’s fantastic hearing from you um because everything you say lies to to our area um coming back to some Irish questions have you got got a comment in the
Meantime pass while I yeah no I suppose just in terms of the the planting of of hedge RS in terms of of trying to where where new HED RS are being are being planted are is there a high diversity of species being uh put into those hedge RS
Or are they do they tend to be more monocultural and what’s the advantages in in H highly diverse and maybe more monoculture it depends on the objectives of the plantation when it’s mainly for firewood it’s most of the time monoculture of copies and for in in our
Area it’s copies Chestnut but when it’s for Windbreak and biodiversity that’s a diversity of trees and shops which are planted but the problem is it’s it’s very difficult to manage diversity of trees because you have a competition in the first years and for yes for example we have you have Birches
That are that over can overgrow Oaks so you have to keep the balance and because in the past well the past Ed RS were mostly one dominant species and shrubs and few uh other and what was that dominant species Jack um what what is the main species in the hedges in
France Oaks Oaks just not Uh Wood ion wood white horn hot horn cras managa yes in some areas not not everywhere no not everywhere wow that’s interesting it’s mostly in areas where Ed ruls are trimmed with on three faces as they say and can be also pru Spinosa and
Uh but other trees are like cerasus prus or Elm disappeared and uh what else as a dominant species in some area Beach is a in wet where where the atmospheric humidity is high you can have Beach as a the fagus as a Ed ruls and a question on are there any cases
Where Hedges actually represent Reservoir per for pests such as leather jackets rather than having a role in biological control by in um parasitoids and other beneficial insects so is there bad as well as the good when it comes to insects from a from an agricultural point of view I suppose this yes that’s
That’s right yeah and it’s not easy to to to assess the balance between bad and good uh qualities of Ed but mostly there are in one thing is important that in hro network landscape the damages by insects are lower than in open landscape overall and for instance a Fs
In Edge RS are not the same that in fields because they they are you could feel that that’s herbach uh herbach plants that’s not woody plants so that you have so you you have mostly weeds that can move from Big especially one farmer used a lot of herbicides weeds invade from the fields
And then they were sourced for colonizing the field afterwards so that’s something and I presume Jack that happens or has happened in the past where the where they were sprayed where in where herbicides were used it was a an open area for for things to to take
Route wasn’t it for herbicide was used as a management tool of the vegetation along the Hedge that causes more problems doesn’t it would you blacket is banned since 20 years in in Britany okay yeah but it was aily used in the 80s 90s was one of the the the uh attributes
That that is that there’s concern about in terms of the promoting of of particularly pollinator but other I suppose insect species is a uh a a continuity of seed sources throughout the year and is there any management of the I suppose that the the colony of of
Of hedro to try and and make sure that that’s happening or do they tend to be very very similar if if you understand what I’m saying that there is no know of any specific management to maintain food for for instance for for bees that’s that’s that can be a
A problem yes that’s that’s right because but uh no there is no specific specif polic you and and supp you you you mentioned that it’s it’s the the M municipal ities have a role in in terms of the the preservation of hedge RS are you finding that that people in
General and and suppose that the broader Community are are taking more of an interest in uh hedge RS and and the the management of of areas I suppose in in in Ireland we have groups around towns we we tend to have um uh tidy towns groups who are beginning to take more of
An interest in uh managing uh areas for biodiversity is there an equivalent of that in in France not for the moment no no okay because City dwellers like Edge RS but they they’re not involved in doing anything for for the protection or the management the the only thing that that is really
Developing is that you have kind of cooperatives for firewood production where uh of course farmers are the producers the city dwellers can be the the consumers and they are special plans to maintain biodiversity while producing firewood because the big problem with firewood is you have sometime companies coming and
Cutting everything and uh so you lose a lot of a lot of services so now that these groups are are developing in France okay and did I hear you correctly when you did you say that that uh the trunk of the trees belong to the land owner
And the the branches of the tree that sounds absolutely B so the the person renting the land has the right to take off the the the branches of the tree for firewood or whatever yeah but yeah no but no it was much regulated it was once during
A at least period okay yeah not every year yeah otherwise the farmers has no access to the the wood okay and related question P um if they are taken off and that kind how important do you consider the structure of the Hedge in terms of having you know a well-developed tree
Layer and good diversity in the shrub layer just speak about the different layers overall value this is important and and now there is a in France a label for that is called lab label a a draw and where they they assess they have many criterias and it’s uh now it’s
Recognized by both the Ministry of Agriculture and environment and there is the National Database for that and so and and when Farmers apply to get the label they have Al also advices to to uh to to to to have a better management over a period of five years to to to
Achieve certain goals in terms of draw structure so this this is new but uh more and more and to get the top quality what type of a is this well you know you need to have the three layers last kop and but something we we all know for for years but uh yeah
But it’s all details and and yeah sorry P one sorry no just just to what extent are are farmers beginning to realize that the Hedge RS are part of a an integrated Pest Management uh uh process I think that it’s mainly important for organic producers and that they are now
Implemented also to uh flowing strips in the landscape and this is I think of growing importance in France at least okay even if it’s still marginal okay and and you you and I suppose it’s a symbiotic relationship there with for organic farmers because you’re seeing you’re you’re seeing
Evidence of of organic farms having a higher diversity and then that higher diversity helping them to uh manage the the the the harmful pests in their crops yeah a circular process yeah cther um yeah fascinating presentation Mercy Mercy um from from people here H lot of
People um I’m amazed at how similar it is to Ireland and very interested in your work and asking for more references so um I know perhaps I can I can undertake to to any of the papers that you have to put them on the the Chagas website alongside this webinar if that’s
Okay you can send me on any more any ones I don’t have yeah thank you I so I’ll undertake to do that so again just to remind everybody that this uh webinar is recorded So the recording and the um the slides will will be on the chugas website under the signpost um webinar
And then I will add any references in as well to that because I think it’s striking and that we haven’t had more contact over the years um I it’s just evolving I suppose the importance of hedges in both countries and it would be really good to work together I think Pat
Wouldn’t it yeah absolutely absolutely and yeah and and I see a question in there as well in looking at the effect of combining uh hedge r with with uh uh wider field margins and and what is the the the combined effect of of of both yeah does the the additional field
Margin which is part of our new acre scheme is that how much does that add to the HED R having a grassy margin alongside very important yes it’s very important and in most of the implementation now is a implement the H and the F margin okay yeah and we we’re all getting our
New cap uh review are you seeing in France a reflected in your your uh cap review a an increased emphasis on hedge RS or is it similar yes yes it has been a matter of discussion but uh uh first we while we we we we worked with
The an association in charge of hedge R in in France as they and they we wrote a an opinion paper in the journal Leon which is the the top reference and uh we had a signature of SE 700 researchers in over a week okay so it it has some weight in the discussion
To where we emphasize really the importance of hedge RS and field margins and uh so the ministry couldn’t say that uh well blah blah blah because we we we we wanted only signature from scientists not not everybody because more but to say that these people are involved in in
Science and they it’s it’s important no P can I just ask one I’m very interested myself have you any um research or how do you answer people who who worry about the shadowing you know casting a shadow on crops as um you know and and competition for moisture that may not be
Such an issue for us or it may be but again counteracting the negative arguments have you any um evidence to say how much it affects we need to acknowledge it if it does so shadowing and competition for moisture well the the measure of that is is very old now the
They don’t I don’t know if any new work new work on that since the 70s so it’s really uh the the cropping techniques have changed and and and uh even this year with the drought you you see a positive effect of shadowing the opposite to a problem it’s a possible
Opportunity listen we’re we’re coming up on our hour I really appreciate uh uh the Insight you’ve given us uh I think while there’s a huge amount of similarities there’s a a degree of of difference there as well particularly in the type of hedro which seem to be more
Tree based hedge R rather than I suppose strug based hydros uh uh here I think potentially we’ve a a lot to learn from each other uh and uh I hope this is Katherine has been talking about having you on this series ious for a long time
Now and it’s great to to to have you have you both here uh and hopefully this is the start of of some cooperation because I think there’s probably a lot that we can we can learn uh from each other yes it would be nice that’s why we plan to visit you
Next year yes and and we already have talked about uh maybe not letting that be a total holiday we might get some work out of you during during two for the price you want again so that that would be a great opportunity so listen thank you very
Much you very much apprciate it uh next week we’re we’re joined uh by by uh uh Jack Nolan Jack in in in a previous role uh has had a record for the highest attendance at at one of our our webinars but tomorrow he’s he’s representing his his change role within the Department of
Agriculture as as leading in in in relation to organic farming so he will be talking about uh the organic farming schemes and the changes coming down the line there so that should be a really interesting uh uh session uh I’d like to thank our our production team of uh Ivon Mah and and
Andy Boland and until next week uh enjoy and maybe enjoy the little bit of rain that’s that’s coming which will be very welcome for for an awful lot of of our our viewers so until then uh goodbye you’ve been listening to the podcast version of the Chagas signpost
Series The Weekly webinar that promotes and examines sustainability in Irish farming don’t forget to join us live every Friday morning for our latest webinar for more visit Chagas and you can also rate review And subscribe to the sign post series on Apple podcasts Spotify or wherever you
Get your podcasts from I’m Mark Gibson and thanks for listening