For term projects, please go to the discussion board and add gems that you have learned as you watch and study these presentations.
The organism I selected for this project is bellia borry most commonly known for its ability to cause Lyme disease in humans this bacterium is a flexible helical spyroy that is pleomorphic or able to change morphology based on environmental conditions a unique characteristic is that its fella is actually located between the inner and
Outer membranes in the periplasm this allows the bacterium to better move through viscous layers which to No Surprise AIDS in its ability to invade a host tissue another characteristic is the outer membrane surface proteins or osps ospa and ospc likely play a role in transmission of the disease inside the
Gut ospa proteins are more present indicating they help keep the bacteria in the tick gut however inside an infected mammal ospc proteins are more present indicating that they may play a role in releasing the microb to the tick salivary gland so it can release into the host during attachment bber dorar contains around
910 kilo Bas pairs in its linear chromosome as well as 610 kilo bases of plasma DNA both circular and linear its philogenetic classification is as follows domain bacteria philm Spyro class spoka order spyes family bellia AC genus bellia species borer two of its relatives are BFI and B
Gini which also can cause lime disease like many bacteria it uses glucose and other carbohydrates for its nutrition in acetyl glucosamine is the essential nutrient for its growth which happens to be a component of chitin which makes up the tick cuticle the organism’s genome also codes for several transport protein proteins
Like ABC Transporters and enzymes which likely allow it to brain in nutrients from the environment finally its main method of ATP production is via substrate level phosphorilation and the pentos phosphate pathway B borer likely does not contain the mechanics necessary to interact with other microorganisms there are two
Pieces of evidence to support this first when there are increases in camonis billus and other bacteria in the environment B borer numbers go down in addition it appears that there is not a huge diversity in the microbiome of tick gut which would allow B burgdorferi to populate there b bergdorf’s
Interactions with other organisms play a key role in its ability to survive and its pathological impact so the artwork I did here was to demonstrate the infection cycle of ticks we start here with number one we’re an adult tick lays eggs two those eggs hatch into larvae then in number three
The larvae May feed on an infected mammal thereby acquiring the bacteria here the tick will grow into an adult and then we’ll feed on another mammal and then later on the tick will drop off this animal to lay its eggs and the cycle continues now at number four
Where there’s an infected nymph if that nymph happens to come into contact with a human and is able to latch on for long enough to pass Bieber Dy then that human May acquire Lyme disease upon a bite from an infected tick there are three stages of infection first in days to weeks following
Exposure athema migraines may appear at the bite site during the second stage once the disease has spread via the blood and lymphatic system people may experience headaches neck stiffness fever or chills they may also undergo neurologic abnormalities and on occasion cardiac problems finally the third stage is marked by sporadic episodes of arthritis
Affecting large joints and or chronic neurologic selly thankfully there are many antibiotic options available for each stage of the disease however some people report ongoing arthritic and neurologic conditions even after excessive antibiotic treatment all right the microorganism that I will be talking about today is borellia buror faery borellia buror
Faery is a bacteria that is gram negative and is a micro aoile as for its shape in anatomy it is a Loosely coiled spirro chip um bacteria that is 5 to 20 micromet long and up to 0.5 micrometers wide it has a cell wall that consists of a plasma
Membrane a peptidal glycin layer and an outer membrane um they also have periplasmic flagella throughout which um throughout the organism which is where it gains its motility as for interactions with other microorganisms and the environment Baria burgar faery is also known as Lyme disease and it’s caused by trans what is
Transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks these ticks become infected when they feed on birds or mamals that carry this bacterium in their blood increased seasonal human activity in Woodland areas can increase risk of Lyme disease and uh transmits through the skin spreading hematogenously or lymphatically to other organs uh the
Pathological the pathological impacts that this bacteria has would be as I previously mentioned Lyme disease on humans and typical symptoms of the Lyme disease would include fever headache fatigue and a characteristic skin rash that is known as a bullseye rash and it usually occurs um in approximately 60 to
80% of infection Ed people and it begins at the site of a tick by after a delay of 3 to 30 days a distinctive feature of this rash is that it gradually expands peripherally over a period of several days which is where it gains its name from several weeks or months may pass
Before the host immune system gains control of this infection which will occur despite of the presence of antibiotics and if it’s not treated this spoch check can survive in localized parts of the body for several years ultimately causing arthritis or neurological impacts but most cases of Lyme disease
Can be treated successfully with a few weeks of antibiotics such as amoxicillin as for interactions with other microorganisms bellia Burg derar establishes residence within the tick gut and within this environment the Sprout Chet impacts interacts with other bacteria within the gut microbiome and with tick gut proteins in order to remain
Viable as for uh metabolism and growth bellia buror fairy are maintained in nature through infe inous mammal and tick Cycles they fastidious slow growing micro aerophile bacterias um in host or Rich growth mediums they rely solely on glycolysis for ATP production and they are completely dependent on the transport of
Nutrients and co-actors from extracellular sources asks for its philogyny um bellia burgar fairy is able to survive in both mammal and tick host through careful modulation of its gene expression um it is from the family Spyro T and its close relatives are bellia garini and bellia azeli bellia Burgery is distinguished
From relatives by its felin genes and its family consists of two groups one that causes Lyme disease and another that causes relapsing fever if the name itself didn’t didn’t give it away it is a cockus shaped bacteria species arranged as the stafilic caucus it is also gram positive
And Hallo tolerant it is a facultative anoro so it primarily prefers an aerobic environment however in an anerobic environment it can ferment different sugars uh primarily lactose when available it is a low genc content species and it can produce catales which actually is unusual for a bacterial species that has low genc
Content it is found in the environment and is a normal component of the human microbiome um among other saus species um one of notes and one primarily found within the microbiome is going to be stafilic coccus epidermitis where you will find staff orus um within and um on the human body
Would be in the nasal cavity and upper respiratory tract moist skin folds the gastro intestinal tract and the urogenital tracts commensal bacterial species Aid in the regulation of staff oras aaor baloni being one of notes along with species from streptococus and corny bacteria as well as other stakus species
Which include hominus epomis and lensis aoni is commonly found in wound cultures where staff orius is also present and it actually exhibits strange specific antagonistic characteristics toward staff orius meaning that specific strains of a Balman will have very specific effects against specific strains of Staff orius it is pathogenic and can cause a
Number of serious and po potentially fatal infections starting with skin infections we have foliculitis which is redness and swelling um around one or a few different hair follicles which can then spread into surrounding tissue or it can spread deeper into different layers of the skin and into the muscle
Scaled Skin Syndrome which is a product of exfoliative toxins produced by sorus that cause the skin to SLO off which then leaves someone in a very vulnerable state to secondary infections where which is where a lot of the problems and complications will arise and then necro necrotizing fasciitis um is a
Development of different um skin infections from staff or specifically from methylin resistant strains is very rare and is known as flesh eating bacteria bacteria um which are bloodstream infections are also U very common with staff orus anytime you have a skin infection you will take blood
Samples to see if it has um infected the blood and it can cause um a number of serious um syndromes illnesses diseases such as osteomyelitis endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome which toxic sh shock syndrome can be fatal antibiotic resistance is very important when talking about stafl cacus
Orius um it is considered to be a superbug um staff orus developed resistance to penicillin which was the first antibiotic discovered in the 1940s very very quickly and roughly 80% of strains of staff oras today will be resistant to penicillin in the late 1950s around 1959 is methylin was developed as a semi
Synthetic form of penicillin which could still work on staff orus and by like 1960 1961 um resistance was dissected in some strains of Staff orius and is commonly known as uh MRSA or Mera and today roughly 80 to 90% of strains will be um methylin resistant uh and Mera is not
Only resistant to um methylin but also to macroides aminoglycosides and seyos sporin which are different types of antibiotics bomy very quickly became the antibiotic of choice around the 1980s but very quick in the 1990s resistance was discovered in some strains of Mera itself and is known as vomisin resistant staff orus or
Versa um there are still some antibiotics that are shown to be effective against Mera and those would be um things like rampin and back trim um but it’s also led to the research into vaccines which would be used primarily in folks who are high risk or have High susceptibility um to getting
MCA infection um which fun fact would primarily be folks who are regularly in the hospital or in hospitals for a long amount of time as that’s one of the most common places to pick up a staff orus infection and that is staf alakus orius eishia Ki in 19th century Europe
Diarrhea was a leading cause of infant mortality German pediatrician Theodore eer sought to understand why and in doing so was the first to isolate what would become the most widely studied of all bacteria eal is a gr negative member of the proteobacteria PHA and the gamma proteobacteria class and it’s a
Glycolytic facultative anoro it belongs to the family inob bacteria Kay and all members of this family have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide and lipid a and they colonize the intestines of animals in this chart we can see how how various gut bacteria are different from one another you can pause the video to
Check it out it’s pretty cool and here’s a summary of some of e coli’s physical features eoli loves sugar it can eat glucose fructose galactose lactose sucrose maltose and raffinos just to name a few oh it can also metabolize amino acids one reason eoli is so successful is because it is metabolically flexible
It can adapt to eating a variety of things in a variety of ways here are some of the metabolic pathways it can use in addition to glycolysis it can also use these other Pathways and when there’s no final electron receptors it can ferment within our intestines all of
This work amounts to being uh amounts to helping us break down molecules to aid in digestion eoli can’t metabolize big sugars like starch but it can commensally hang out with other members of the GI Community that can these bacteria break L larger polysaccharides into smaller ones that ecoli
Prefers this is an example of a strain of eoli that is now sold as a probiotic it was isolated from a German soldier during World War I the guy seemed to be resistant to infection from shagala unlike his comrades thank thankfully for us eoli competitive it inhibits the growth of
Transient enteric pathogens like shagel salmonella and other strains of eoli embedded in E coli’s outer membrane are lipopolysaccharide antigens the combinations of these antigens give us different serotypes there are 700 different known serotypes of eoli and given all the different combinations possible there could be as many as 100,000 different
Stereotypes out there disease causing strains of eoli can be grouped based on the conditions and symptoms they cause EHC also known as estech is the most famous these antigens are present in ecoli serotypes most associated with disease so eoli is supposed to be in the intestines but when it ends up in other
Parts of the body it often becomes the causitive pathogen of serious infections like in these examples here are some virulence Factor s the Sha toxin is named that because it was first identified in the shagel bacteria which is a close relative of aeria about 36% of the quarter million
Or so reported cases of Yeek in the US are caused by one strain 0157 H7 which produces the Shea likee toxin 62% of EHC cases in Oregon have bloody diarrhea and 24% of EHC cases in organ require hospitalization about 5 to 15% of patients diagnosed with an EC infection
Also develop hemolytic ureic syndrome which is a type of kidney and failure eoli strain 0157 H7 lives in the intestines of cows and other animals these animals tissues do not have a specific receptor for the Shea likee Toxin and therefore this strain doesn’t harm them in this way these animals are
A reservoir for this strain transmission of EHC causing strains of ecoli done by the fecal oral route a few sources of transmission are when water that has been contaminated by cattle is used to water crops from undercooking meat poor hand hygiene and by direct Transmission in the healthcare or daycare
Settings an example of a major outbreak in 1993 contaminated beef patties from Jack In The Box infected 732 people in four states unfortunately four children lost their lives due to kidney failure as a result of this outbreak state governments now require the reporting of infections of the strain and the FDA now
Recommends cooking hamburgers at a hotter temperature because ecoli is such an important part of our normal gut microbium health professionals generally do not recommend antibiotics to treat diarrhea or food poisoning most people with eoli infection start to feel better after about a week here’s a cool factoid
Every mammal on the planet is colonized with aishia coli even Orca thanks this is Forest and I’m presenting about myobacterium lepry this is the bacteria that causes leprosy or hand disease it’s an obligate intracellular parasite it cannot be cultured it’s characterized by very slow growth prefers cool parts of the human
Body and is a very close relative to myobacterium tuberculosis it’s part of the genus micob bacterium phaco bacteria it’s gr positive and has high GC content this bacteria is between 1 and 8 micromet long and 3 about 3 micrometers in diameter it’s Rod shaped can be slightly curved or straight and has
Rounded ends it does not form endospores it’s gr positive importantly its cell walls contain molic acid um this impacts many of the characteristics of this bacteria including its very slow growth um and its ability to live within fagos sites it also requires a different kind of staining technique it also has a
Capsule and it very closely resembles micob bacterium tuberculosis terms of metabolism it is aerobic it takes 12 about 12 days to double which is very slow it grows best at about 30° C preferring cooler regions of the human body like the skin peripheral nerves eyes upper respiratory tract anything that’s cool it generates
It does generate its own ATP um uses glycolysis um citric acid cycle but it depends upon its host for a large part of metabolism and for nutrition and has extremely reduced the genes and its genome um preserving only what it needs really to survive relying on the host
For the rest it also it does have a robust lipid uh metabolism though and can synthesize many types of lipids I did not find much information about the interactions of this microb with other microorganisms however it greatly interacts with its hosts um mainly humans and armadillos it primarily
Targets Schwan cells which wrap our nerves and help conduct nerve pulse impulses and macras is part of our cell Med mediated immune system interestingly it’s the only known pathogen capable of infecting human peripheral nerves how bad the presentation of lepy in a a person is uh depends in part on how many bacteria
Are present in the tissues there’s a spectrum of the disease ranging from P bacillary to multibacillary in PB there’s just a few basili in the host tissues and this the person’s body had a strong immune response and leprosy or the disease never really got a a strong
Hold in the body whereas in multipath multibacillary disease there uh over many years there can be up to billions of basill in in the host tissue and this happens when there wasn’t a very strong immune response to the bacteria in the beginning the symptoms of leprosy are going to present differently based on
How advanced the disease is but in skin uh you’re going to be experiencing numbness uh discolored patches uh rash growths bumps ulcers on the feet um in terms of nerve damage again numbness um weakness paralysis in Mor uh advanced cases um nerve enlargement um like red areas swollen
Areas um eye problems blindness in in advanced cases we’re going to be seeing the reabsorption of extremities their the skin is not decaying or dying it’s it’s being reabsorbed by the body um loss of nasal tissue blindness disfigurement paralysis it can be very serious but only after many years years
It takes many many years to develop to this point despite how feared this disease has been for thousands of years um and how disfiguring it can be it actually takes years to Contra to develop this disease and it takes a very long time to actually catch it it’s not very V
Varent it’s it can be treated and it’s not very difficult to treat you just have to have access to treatment you use a multi-drug therapy multiple antibiotics and it takes one to two years to complete if you don’t have the very Advanced disease you you uh it is
Treated with dapsone and riff ampon and in an advanced case it’s treated with dapsone riff aisin and clofazamine this was such an interesting organism to study and there’s so much more to say it’s also a very difficult organism to study because it cannot be cultured thank you for listening to my present
Presentation for this presentation we’re looking at the microorganism helicobactor POI helicobactor POI is a gram negative non-fermenting nonsporulating micro aerophilic bacteria it’s about 2 to 4 micromet long with a diameter of about 1/2 to 1 microm it has a helical shape uh with about 2
To S Lotus fella at the end uh that means that all the fella are um used for movement in One Direction um it does come in a couple other shapes um but the other shapes are not as useful just in rods or curved uh the spiral shape is the one that’s most
Successful uh and impactful helicobactor pylori is within the back IIA domain uh and as you can see on this slide shows the film class order family and then the genus and species which is helicobactor Piller this microorganism is a highly successful and prevalent uh bacteria um I saw a variety of different uh
Estimates in terms of the prevalence but uh one that I saw is approximately two-thirds of all people in the world are believed to have been infected at some point uh with higher prevalence developing World um the vast majority of people who have this bacteria are asymptomatic um but those who do have
Symptoms can develop chronic gastrointestinal symptoms H poori is believed to be linked to approximately 89% of gastri cancers 5.5% of all cancers worldwide uh making it the only bacterium linked to development of any cancer um hpor has an extensive genetic diversity of strains uh which helps it
Thrive so So within one person there can be a lot of strains and uh between different people um the genus helicobactor consists of over 29 or 20 recognized species with many waiting formal recognition um in addition to a lot of diversity within humans um they’re related helicobactor species that have
Been identified in the stomachs of other um wild and domesticated mammals there are number of features that allow this bacteria to survive and thrive in stomachs it’s micro aerophilic So within the stomach it only needs a little bit of oxygen uh and it contains contains hydrogenase which it uses to
Oxidize hydrogen in the surrounding environment uh to get its nutritional energy um from that hydrogen it produces oxidase catalase and uri’s um the uri’s production is key to survival because it takes it in breaks it down uh and it creates ammonia and carbon dioxide uh that ammonia and the
Surrounding area um decrease or increases the pH making it more basic uh less acidic um and creates kind of a window of uh less acidity right around the organism which allows it to live uh when people have an H piler infection um it impacts the entire microbiome in a person’s stomach um it
Can be uh around 40 to 90% of all the microbiota um when it’s present um so it reduces the overall diversity uh the change in P pH impacts the ability of other uh microor microorganisms to survive um and then another way it can impact the stomach is that eradication therapies can also um
Further ruin the microbiome it uses its helical shape in fella uh to burrow into the mucus lining of the stomach uh so it gets through the mucus and up to the skin layer uh once it’s in the epithelial layer it produces adhesion which allow it to stick there uh and not get washed
Away once it is up against the stomach wall um it stays there and produces ammonia um which decreases acidity uh the ammonia allows it to stay there but the ammonia also um is toxic to the epithelial lay um so it ruins the this uh stomach lining um
It creates uh an immune response um more acids so basically it sits there against your stomach wall um and then your stomach acid uh ruins uh your stomach lining creating ulcers um with an Hilary colonization or infection uh people can uh experience abdominal pain bad taste in the mouth
Nausea heartburn belching um and the infection is related to a number of uh diseases chronic gastritis peptic ulcers gastric adenocarcinoma um gastrointestinal reflux disease uh and cancer H pyi has been isolated in saliva gastric mucus Dental plaque and feces uh it’s transmissible through oral oral route or feal oral route um right now
There are no vaccines um so Hand hygiene access to clean water are really important um there are a number of different antibiotics um that can kill an H piler infection um or colonization uh other therapies like proton pump inhibitors bisma salt um and a number of different foods um are
Recommended um and if you’re having all of the symptoms in the previous slide it might be worth going to the doctor and getting checked out hey guys my name is saai and I decided to research on a bacteria that is called Ria Ria is a bacteria that is found in
Ticks lies fleas mites and man animal this is a grand negative bacteria it is an obligate intracellular parasite that synthesizes only a small amount of peptidoglycan it is non multi anerobic it lives in the cytool of their whole cells since outside of the whole cells it’s unstable and dies quickly this is
An extremely small bacteria as it only measures 0.3 micrometers times 1.0 micrometer it is typically a besel shaped these are usually defined by two groups Spotted Fever group and a thus group rsia is a class Alpha proteo bacteria of the bacteria film proteo bacteria this is based on the sequence
Of nucleotides in their R RNA molecules there are for Genera reia orinthia Aria and anaplasma which are the main Reet that cause disease to humans their genes in code 16s RNA two of the two of the specific species from retus are are Cori caspia which is an asran spoted fever and R
Afric which is an Africa tick by fever breter requires a vector of transmission from host to host retal Spees are transmitted by a different entrop vector and when inside of the whole cell they secrete an enzyme that digest the membr of the endocytic vesicle which will release a bacteria
Into the whole cell cyol they possess an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide with Oto toxin activity they reproduce by binary fion Ria also spread via the bloodstream to infect the endothelium and sometimes the vascular smoooth muscle cells Reta also are able to synthesize ATP via metabolism of glutamine there are three main types of
Rsia the first one I’ll be discussing is Ria praz this is this causes epidemic dius since it’s vector by the human body lows it this usually occurs in scratching inoculates bacterium into the skin humans are the primary host and they usually fills the H cells until the cell breaks open this usually
Occurs in unsanitary conditions such as South Africa which favor body lies some things that it can manifest is high fever mental and physical depression plus rash that can last up to two weeks broener is a recurrent disease that is more mild it is a moral type of
Rsia the next type of rsia is rsia tyy which is a mine typhus it is a major reserver for bacterium in rodents cat and it is a rat and Cat flea Vector that transmit a animal host to humans following the 12 days after the V of an infected flea you can see fever
Severe headache chills muscle pain and nausea occur this usually lasts up to 3 weeks and if left untreated is rarely fatal there is no vaccination available for this type of disease or bacteria the main and most common type of severe aresia is reia rety which is the most severe as mentioned this
Usually causes the Rocky Mountain spotted fever and this is especially true for people with the glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogen deficiency it is infected by the dermacenter variabilis ti the treatment Choice consists of dogside cycline which can be used in people of all ages including young children this bacteria spreads via the bloodstream and
Damages the lungs brain and other organs mortality rates are as high as 20 to 30% the image that I have included here talks about the merging and remerging reetus cycle which starts with an unaffected tick which will then attach to an infected rodent and then potentially infecting The Tick as well
Which would then attack an uninfected rodent and it would just become an cycle where they would lay their eggs and then proceed to infect an adult which will then lead to an infected adult and it’s just a cycle that keeps continuing and going on and on thank you for listening to my presentation
F Minella is a genus of modal gram negative basilla in the anal bacteria family that typically resides in the intestines of various birds reptiles and mammals being expelled through fees they are facultative Anor robes capable of thriving in both oxygen rich and oxygen depleted environments they have complex
Nutritional needs which allow them to adapt to different environments for growth sella requires carbon nitrogen sulfur phosphorus itams and Trace elements they are heterotrophic organisms meaning that they obtain carbon from organic compounds rather than fixing it from inorganic sources while salmonella doesn’t ferment lactose Salmonella bacteria are capable of
Fermenting glucose with the production of gas regarding metabolism salmonella possesses various metabolic pathways enabling it to utilize different substrates for energy production and growth it can perform oxidated phospor relation and utilize aerobic and anerobic respiration to generate energy despite there being more than 2500 identified seminalis stain strains
They all belong to a single species salmonella and Tera While most strains may not display symptoms larger infective doses can lead to salmonelosis symptoms of salmonella infection include diarrhea abdominal cramps a prolonged fever muscle cramps loss of appetite nausea vomiting chills headache and more certain groups infants young children older adults pregnant women
Etc and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of complications from a salmonella infection salmonella engages in diverse interactions within natural settings such as soil water and animal habitats competing for resources and space among a range of microorganisms within microbial communities samonella demonstrates both synergistic and antagonistic
Relationships samonella can also form biofilms which contributes to its resilience by creating conditions suitable for samonella proliferation the protective Matrix in biofilms acts as a barrier requiring higher concentrations or prolonged exposure times of disinfectants to eliminate said biofilms so salmonella’s bofilm structure enables its Survival by providing protection against disinfectants antibiotics and
Environmental stressors making eradication challenging ongoing research is focusing on developing effective strategies against samonella biofilms such as developing anti-biofilm agents and understanding the genetic mechanisms that govern bi biofilm formation so Semel is a pathogenic bacteria it typically attaches to and takes over a cell eventually killing it
It wants to find a suitable condition for growth so it colonizes and establishes itself within the host body particularly in the intestines salmonella can collaborate with certain microbes for Mutual benefit but in most cases it blocks or hinders the O growth of other microorganisms similar to Natural settings salmonella interacts
With the body’s microbiota competing for nutrients space and attachment sites with beneficial gut bacteria these interactions alter the gut microbiome’s composition and balance impacting the whole susceptibility to salmonella infections and overall health salmonella showcases remarkable adaptability adjusting its very in response to the host environment it can regulate gene
Expression and re reaction to environmental cues encountered within the host to enhance survival and evade host defenses this adaptability is pivotal for salmonella’s persistence within host cells contributing to its ability to thrive and endure in diverse environments within the human body once ingested into the human body
Semel travels to the intestines where it deploys various mechanisms to attach to and invade the epithelial cells lining the gut sem can withstand stomach acidity which is aided by protective measures such as acid tolerance responses through its type 3 secretion system salmonella injects proteins into the host cells that then prompts
Endocytosis allowing it to enter and eventually reproduce within these cells through binary fusion once inside the host cell Semel manipulates host cell signaling Pathways altering cellular functions to evade immune detection and resist destruction this involves inhibiting the activation of immune cells like macras dendritic cells and tea cells and thereby evading
Clearance additionally semill possesses mechanisms to resist the antimicrobial activities within fago sites and furthermore Semel secretes affectors that disrupts host cell processes such as cytoskeletal rearrangements and membrane trafficking the invasion of host cells by salmonella triggers an inflammat inflammatory response inducing characteristic symptoms like fever cramps diarrhea and vomiting and severe
Cases certain St strains may enter the bloodstream causing bacteria and leading to localized infections across the body thank you for listening lustrum defal AKA CI is the main culprit of a healthcare Associated infection that causes severe diara sedith was discovered by Louis pasture in the 1860s and was first
Isolated from the intestinal Flora of newborns in 1935 it was originally named basilis def billus because it was difficult to culture and study thei is a gr positive obligate anoro shaped bacterium and has a vegetative form and Spore form because it’s an obligate anob it cannot survive in the environment for
Very long when it’s in its vegetative state when it’s in its spore form it is metabolically inactive and can withstand oxidative stress extreme temperatures desiccation and acidic environments the cedf spores in the stool those who are infected can live in the environment for extended periods of time as they can survive harsh
Conditions including the surfaces that are sanitized with alcohol CI is part of the phm firmicutes and has many many relatives including claustrum perenin which can cause food poisoning and diarrhea and clostridium tetani which can be found in soil and cause paralysis when CF enters its host it navigates through the acidic environment
Of the stomach and then travels to the small intestine where it germinates for germination to occur germinant in the proper Nutri nutrients must be present in the environment um bile acids along with Glycine and other amino acids trigger the germination of CI spores Glycine and the other amino acids act as Co
Germinants the spores then move into the anerobic environment of the large intestine where they multiply and colonize they then attach to the epithelium of the colon and secrete toxins that cause the infection is found in soil feces sewage and food and is transmitted through the feal oral
Route CCPA is the main carbon catalite regulator that also um reduces the toxin gene expression it uses the stline reaction which oxidizes and reduces Glycine and Proline which produce ATP and nad+ when there’s a limited supply of Proline or Proline reductase alternative pathways are used to regenerate nad+ which produces berate which then
Stimulates the synthesis of the toxins of CI antibiotic use decrease is the overall diversity of the intestinal microbiome specifically broadspectrum inab biotics decrease the amount of bacterio Deeds which allows germination and growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as SEI when the gut microbiota changes the number of metabolites in the intestine
Are also affected which Alters bacterial fermentation this decreases the amount of fatty acids while increasing carbohydrates and amino acids which allows CI to use um these metabolites for germination colonization and growth those who are at high risk for Contracting sedith infection include the elderly with multiple comorbidities who frequently undergo urgent surgery those
Who become infected with ciff tend to be readmitted to the hospital which provides the pathogen with more opportunities to spread to its next dictums the bacteria chlamydia is a genus of microorganisms that belongs in the chlamidia film chamia displays characteristics somewhat in between a virus and a bacterium and was previously
Classified as a virus because of these shared traits chlamidia among the smallest microbes is obligate intracellular non-motile does not have peptidoglycan is gr negative bacteria and they rely on their target host cells in ukar ites to grow and multiply they are cellular and contain DNA RNA functional 70 subunit ribosomes
And are enclosed in two membranes in its life cycle chlamidia cells take on two different shapes or bodies the elementary bodies are small cocky or circular shaped while the reticulate bodies are about twice the size and can take on more than one shape the EB has a thick rigid cell wall with
High amounts of siy in protein and the cytoplasmic membrane the EBS are resistant to digestion by tripsin mechanical stress and oxidative stress while the RBS are sensitive to these components the EB the EB is unable to reproduce and lack metabolic pathways RBS do have the ability to reproduce and are
Metabolically active some chlamidia have DNA plasmids and hemog glutenin to assist in attaching to the host cells because chlamydia does not possess its own metabolic and biosynthetic Pathways it relies on host cells for ATP and further development the de the developmental cycle of chyia is special in which the cells more from two
Different body forms the elementary body is non-replicating and infectious and the reticulate body is the in cytoplasmic form that initiates replication and growth the EB houses RNA polymerase that enables the DNA genome to be transcribed once it enters the cell cytoplasm and engages the cell growth cycle the RB is also responsible
For retaining the DNA genome proteins and ribosomes the cycle lasts 48 to 72 hours and begins with the Infectious EB attaching to a host cell then under goes endocytosis into the host cell once inside the H cell the EB transitions into an RB which then quickly multiplies and an inclusion body is
Formed the RB uses the energy sources from the host cell and amino acids to replicate and develop into new infectious EBS that will go on to infect more cells between 36 and 50 hours after the time of infection is when the maximum amount of EBS is formed antibiotics and dietary factors
Can disrupt the maturation of EBS and prevent them from transforming into the invasive RBS these factors can cause the endospore form to lack pathogenicity there are three species of chlamydia that can cause disease in humans chlamidia trachomatis chlamidia satachi and chlamidia pneumonia the most common of these
Species is C tratas and is only prevalent in humans C trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted infections in most cases of blindness from infection in the world C trachomatis is transmitted via direct contact with the infected tissue the transmission can occur from vaginal
Anal or oral sex and a newborn can be exposed during vaginal birth if the mother was infected most infected will remain asymptomatic reservoirs but there are a number of infections that can develop among these diseases are cervicitis pelvic inflammatory disease urethritis parah hepatitis epidemius epid epidemis prostatitis prostatitis reactive arthritis conjuctivitis pneumonia
Fitis and lymphogranuloma verenium in women with a genital tract infection caused by C trachomatis around 85% don’t display symptoms but in men more than 75% infected will be symptomatic in a c trachomatis infection the immune immune response uses nonspecific specific humoral and cellular mechanisms the second most prevalent species of
Chyia is C pneumonia which is transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets the infection can lead to pneumonia bronchitis and other respiratory tract infections typically these cases are mild and can be treated with antibiotics but it is difficult to prevent due to its ability to spread so easily the third species of
Chyia cachi infects birds in the respiratory tract if a human comes into contact with an infected bird living or dead they can develop some symptoms of ornithosis ornithosis usually the symptoms are wild flu like but can also lead to pneumonia in some cases there are strains of C
Satachi that can caus an animal to miscarry on occasion other conditions such as endocarditis hepatitis arthritis conjuctivitis and analitis can occur since C satachi is found in Birds those who have a lot of exposure to birds are the most at risk of Contracting an infection orthosis can be treated with antibiotics like tret
Tetracycline but if left untreated can lead to death in some cases hi this is iris from microbiology I chose RIS opium as my favorite microbe um nitrogen makes up around 78% of all atmospheric gases almost all of that nitrogen exists in its diatomic form N2 no plants or animals are able to
Utilize nitrogen directly the only organism capable of utilizing nitrogen are groups of procaryotes called diates some plants have evolved to form symbiotic relationships with diates the main example of this is Legume rium symbiosis Rovia get nutrients from the cells of legume roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia which
Is used by their plant hosts risia exists that exist in Free Living forms in the soil are incapable of nitrogen fixation however during symbiosis rium undergoes physiological and structural changes that allow it to do so bacteria in the genus rium are rod-shaped um they usually have fella
And are mobile once it’s in the legum host rium transforms into to an irregular Branch shape Rovia are are gram negative genus of bacteria um rian’s traits of nitrogen fixing and legum Association are not phenetically significant some ARA cyanobacteria and several other bacterial groups who are not biogenetically related to rium also have
The ability to fix nitrogen which suggests that this trait is a result of convergent evolution risi’s capacity to associate with legumes is most likely the result of horizontal Gene transfer amongst bacteria as opposed to Vertical Gene transf which is much more phenetically significant the Rovia group has been described as both paraphilic
And polyic the rium genus splits into three sub genuses rium Rady rium and Azor rium all three fall under the category of proteobacteria but on distinct branches Each of which also includes bacterial species that are not risia ryia are heterotrophs heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food heterotrophs get their nutrients
From other sources of organic carbon rium is a chemoheterotroph which means it gets energy and nutrients from pre-formed organic energy sources which have been synthesized by other organisms risia that exists in Free Living forms in soil feed on dead organic material and use it for growth and to provide
Substrates that are oxidized in cellular respiration to generate ATP um when risia form symbiotic relationships with legumes the photosynthetic hosts provide them with carbohydrates and all the necessary nutrients except nitrogen which rium obtain from the atmosphere even within individual species of rium specific strains can either be mutualistic parasitic or non- symbiotic
Mutualistic risia provide hosts with lots of fixed nitrogen parasitic Rovia rely on hosts but fix little to no nitrogen to provide to their hosts non- symbiotic risia only exist in Free Living forms in soil and are unable to infect legumes at all legumes favor more mutualistic Rovia mutualistic and
Parasitic Rovia can produce millions of descendants however the rate of viability among set Offspring is very low all in all nons symbiotic IIA often have more successful rates of reproduction so um here is an in-depth look Step byep at the relationship between Rovia bacteria and legumes the process of root formation is initiated
When a legume releases a chemical including amino acids diar boxylic acids and low concentrations of excreted components called flavonoids through their Roots which the Rovia in the soil are attracted to rium accumulate near the root hair and eventually attach to the roots the root hair’s cell wall chemicals called nodulation factors are
Released from the rium cells which cause the root hair to curl now the rium cells are able to digest the cell wall of the root hair and enter into the root hair rium enters the root hair through invagination which is the process of the cell membrane of
The root hair being turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity um the risian bacteria enter the root through this form cavity which is termed the infection spread spontaneously the cells of the pericycle lay of the cortex of the root become dedifferentiated which leads to
The formation of masses of undifferentiated cells called nodu primordia the nod primordia divide to produce outgrowths called root nodules the risia and the root nodul cells undergo physiological and structural transformation and are now called bacteroids so the bacteroids are irregular shaped non flag ated branched and non- dividing forms of rium they
Produce the enzyme nitrogenase or nitrogenase um nitrogenase is responsible for the actual fixation of nitrogen into ammonia this enzyme is very sensitive to the presence of oxygen and will actually become inactive when exposed to any Oxygen to avoid this the bacteroids and the legum cells work to form a pink
Pigment leg hemoglobin that is an oxygen scavenger that removes any excess oxygen from the nod cells so that’s how that works the symbiotic relationship between legumes and mobia fuels the practice of crop rotation which is used in many agricultural Traditions crop rotation with lagoons allows Farmers to nourish
Plants who can in turn nourish the soil in a process that uses a biological catalyst at room temperature and ordinary pressures and uses sunlight to drive it Farmers have been using legumes in agriculture since the ancient world to rotate crops to assure the fertility of their soils um in the New World
Farmers used the common Bean in the Mediterranean they use Lupin in China they use soybean crops in South Africa I’m sorry in South Asia and Africa um cow pea was used crop rotation with legumes takes the place of relying on Industrial nitrogen fertilizers which is in the next slide overuse of nitrogen fertilizers
Can lead to the release of greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide and the urif of waterways nitrous oxide’s warming potential is around 300 times greater than that of carbon dioxide nutrification is unwanted fertilization of a waterway that can lead to overgrowth of ecologically harmful microorganisms like algae and cyanobacteria and eventually lead to the
Loss of all other Aquatic Life the use of legumes that are symbiotically associated with risia which are naturally occurring soil nitrogen fixing bacteria in crop rotation practices may help reduce the amount of industrially fixed nitrogen that is used um and that leads to loss of nitrogen to our atmosphere and
Waterways so in conclusion um here’s a picture of my back garden bed I started growing some peas recently and have been very pleased to learn about ryia which will hopefully continue to be utilized in the future um and on a more broad scale as a sustainable way to optimize agricultural food output and
Reduce Reliance on more environmentally harmful environmental I’m sorry agricultural practices like industrially fixed nitrogen fertilizers um this microbe has a lot of potential thank you for listening to my presentation here are some references for you and thanks again tuberculosis tails meob bacterium’s whispered Trails I am the cause of
Tuberculosis TB which the World Health Organization who classified as a deadly respiratory disease after I threatened the world in 1993 in fact I’m so famous that the who publishes epidemic reports all about me every year the 2019 report estimated that 10 million people were infected and around 1.4 million people
Suffered mortality According to some models the covid-19 epidemic May worsen TB burden due to undernutrition multi-drug resistant TB strains unemployment and redirection of resources to fight covid-19 who am I myobacterium tuberculosis I am a gr positive acid fast pilus with a very tough cell wall composed of lipopolysaccharide molic acids a Rabino
Galactan a polymer of arabinose and galactose a thick peptidoglycan layer and a lipid Bayer over 60% of my cell wall is made of molic acids which contribute to my virulence other lipids in my cell walls such as sulfolipids cholesterol and Libo rabom manin also help to increase my virulence they help
Me be resistant to antibiotics resistant to osmotic liis and oxidative stress I hail from the bacteria Kingdom I actinobacteria film in class tinal order microbacteria C family microbacterium genus and tuberculosis species I have several other relatives that form what is called the tuberculosis complex because we all cause tuberculosis
Disease in either humans or animals they are m africanum m Bas M mongi M kedi M origis M micr M CAE and M Penny pedi one of my relatives causes leprosy and their name is microbacterium lepra not all of us cause tuberculosis though such as micob spicatus and myobacterium for tuum
But they can cause human infections humans are my only known host and I am spread primarily through respiratory droplets such as sneezing or coughing I am famous for invading the alveolar sacks of the lungs but also invade the lymph nodes bones joints central nervous system heart pericardium
Or bloodstream I cause humans to cough have chest pain lose weight fever and even night sweats if in the lymph nodes the person can get abscesses if in the central nervous system I get quite a headache my metabolism is heavily dependent on lipids which are my primary
Carbon and energy sources I’m such a choed trro I steal lipids from my host because they are delicious but I can also make my own in fact I can use cholesterol as my sole carbon Source important enzymes responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis are fas1 and fas2 which produce semolic acids that make up
Part of my cell wall such as pedum sulfolipids polyal treos and diasol treos scientists predict that under aerobic and early growth conditions I use glucose and triglycerides as carbon index energy sources but then switch to using lipids once inside host macro fages where I cannot access glucose take
That macro fages I can still replicate sometimes a bunch of macras will chase me down and form granulomas by clustering together in large groups of foamy cells which starve me of oxygen I must change up my metabolism if I want to survive so I alter my crab cycle to
Favor cessate production cinate feeds cessate dehydrogenase which is involved in both the CB cycle and electron transport chain this means I still get to make ATP to increase the success of my Invasion I must reduce the population of my enemies studies and TV patients have shown that I’m am associated with a
Decrease in microbiome diversity especially short chain fatty acid or scfa producing bacteria such as spermic cutes and bacteroides you see scfas such as berate are helpful in immuno modulation meaning that they help stimulate lymphocytes and phocytes I don’t want that gut and lung disposes are my friends I don’t dislike all
Microbes in the human microbium though I do like Proto bacteria so they are over represented during MTB infection during anerobic growth they produce acids including cessate to lactate formate but also dreaded scfas however as I mentioned before I do like cinate for my own ATP production I also like St actino
Bacteria such as from the genus colella no one knows exactly why these groups are over represented and I’m not telling I have many clever ways to escape the human immune system one way is by purposely allowing myself to be internalized by alol macrophages but then preventing the maturation of the
Phagosome you see during normal phagocytosis the phagosome fuses with the lome to form a fome which contains an acidic environment and enzymes that can kill me one way I prevent lomes from killing me is by secreting a lysosomotropic can penetrate lomes lipid called one Tad which functions as an ant
Acid another way I do it is by secreting a protein tyrosine phosphatase ptpa which prevents vpa and macrophages from doing its job of actively pumping protons and acidifying the fomal environment since I can damage phagosomes with my esx1 eector proteins macr fages try to come and repair them via the endosomal Sorting complex
Required for transport or e crrt and G3 proteins however my handy factors esxh and esxg interfere with the recruitment of escrt this prevents maturation into a veal lisome and this keeps the peach high enough to keep meat comfy humans have found that esxh and esxg complex with each other and prevent escrt
Recruitment thus disrupting its function which also includes moving me to lomes G 3 gets recruited to damage dromes when internal glyro proteins get exposed but my effectors block that signaling too hi my name is Dawson uh today I’ll be presenting my least favorite microorganism truna paladim in overview I’ll be talking
About history background information the microbiology behind it transmission diagnosis and treatment history and background commonly known as syphilis dis bacterium is the reason why there are over 200,000 cases of this SD yearly the first recorded outbreak of this disease dates back to the French invasion in 1494 in
Naples Italy in 1905 Shodan and Hoffman discovered the eological agent of syphilis where they named it Spyro Pala a cure was founded for this disease in for in 1943 giving four patients penil T paladim is a bacteria that causes syphilis microbiology behind it uh Chona padum is a gram negative bacteria but is
Not similar to your average gram negative bacteria T padum is from the Spyro cheet family they are helically coiled cork screw shaped cells they can be up to six to 15 micromet long and 1 to 2 micrometers wide with flat surrounding it uh the fagula gives bacteria its shape of Mobility the
Spiral shape gives the bacteria the ability to spin and penetrate skin uh it is Anor robic meaning that it can it can grow without oxygen it cannot be grown as a pure culture due to not meeting cautious postulates uh T padum DNA was detected with the use of primers to the gene
Coding protein with a molecular weight of 47 KD and talum RNA with the primers to the gene of 16s RNA it is difficult to culture because it does not use your usual gram stating technique to identify the bacteria and classification uh techniques such as the Silver impregnation stain or the ReUse
Stain will have a better result when observing the bacteria cells since T padum usually affects the living host they are usually interacting with the human platelets transmission there are four ways to contract this disease uh number one sexual conduct with any way um two contaminated needles three a baby can
Catch the infection in the womb uh for direct contact with a skin lesion uh diagnosis and treatment uh there are three stages when Contracting syphilis uh the first stage is is usually painless uh you can there’s usually chances of you getting sores or uh chance chers around your genital areas or where you
Got where uh there was contact with uh the bacteria uh the second stage is a body rash it’s not painful but it’s severely irritating and the third stage is can be fatal uh it can Cur 10 to 30 years after being in contact with the disease
Uh it affects organs such as the brain the eyes the heart there are serological tests that people can take to see if they have the disease and there are antibiotics and it cure to syphilis but it is best to get treatment right away if you do find out you have
Syphilis in summary I talked about the history and background information microbiology behind it transmission and diagnos and treatment myia ganaria is a gram negative bacteria and part of the hissteria genius it’s one of two pathogenic species of the genius and it causes a sexually transmitted infection ganaria the
Bacteria only impacts human and as an obligate human colonizer it cannot survive outside the H host in the United States ganaria along with cidia are two very common STI there continues to be increasing rates in both management is challenging because many infections are asymptomatic and antimicrobial resistance strains of ganara continue to
Develop and change the sheap of neria ganaria bacteria is dipo coxy and they are held within a polysaccharide capsule and lipo galc saccharide cell wall made of lipid a this layer enables the bacteria to attach and invade human cells other veillance factors that enable adherence to human cells include fora which are rodlike
Extensions the bacteria also has pilus which are a special type of fibria that are fewer and longer and enable the transfer of DNA to other cells in the process called conjugation the pilli specific toia ganara not pictured here um is a type four p which allows for the creation of micr
Colonies on the epithelial cell surface they also have highly variable surface antigens and this prevents the development of immunity and effective vaccine the bacteria can infect the mucus membrane of the mouth throat eyes and rectum sexual contact with the penis vagina mouth or anus of an infected
Partner is the main way it’s transmitted it can be transmitted during child birth and infect the infant neria ganara grows after transmission and the contact is established with the mucosal epithelia first the bacterial must adhere to the epithelia of the mucosa with the help of the type bore pilli and the Lipo alacar
Los once that is complete um the pil help establish microc colonies d diagnosis treatment and prevention of Gonorrhea prove complicated as it’s a very common STI and many people do not seek screening because they are asymptomatic regular screening is therefore important and samples and specimens can detect the
Presence of a gram negative Diplo coxy once detected treatment is tricky too because the widespread gal strain resistance to antibiotics because the bacteria have highly variable surface images as mentioned before immunity doesn’t often develop and if it does it doesn’t offer broad protection the impact of infection can be both symptomatic and
Asymptomatic in men’s symptoms can be acute inflammation and infection in the urethra causing painful urination men can experience an asymptomatic infection uh women are more likely to experience asymptomatic infection however if they do have symptoms it could look like Dysteria increased vaginal discharge or vaginal bleeding between periods although women may not
Experience symptoms the infection can lead to an additional condition such as pelvic inflammatory disease this happens when the infection Travels by bacteria attaching to the sperm via the FR or the Los to the uterine tubes and cause inflammation which can lead to ectopic pregnancy after scarring or infertility disseminated gal infection
DGI can happen if Gara goes untreated and spreads to the bloodstream consequences of DGI include arthritis dermatitis T oitis and the condition can be lifethreatening considering many people do not experience symptoms this is a very dire consequence because so much of Gonorrhea is asymptotic regular screening is a ential for
Management this visual shows the history of discovered and recommended antimicrobials and the evolution of the resistance in neria ganara as you can see from 1990 through to 2020 there have been numerous um antimicrobials that have become res U no longer active um with the everchanging landscape of antimicrobial resistance preventions
Screening and treatment are essential it is a major public health concern globally